2011 · Cited by 13 — global nature of the ummah and dar al-Islam (the abode of Islam). A certain anthropologist Arjan Appadurai has dubbed ‘the implosion of the global and national and Equality Movement more than other forces in Darfur, the PDF more than.
207 KB – 258 Pages
PAGE – 1 ============
Interregional challenges of Islamic extremist movements in North Africa La région de l’Afrique du Nord a pendant longtemps vécu un semblant de stabilité politique. La réalité de ce simulacre a été récemment dévoilée par les événements survenus en Tunisie, en Egypte et en Libye. Si l’on regarde de plus près ces soulèvements populaires on se rend compte que ces pays étaient en ébullition pendant une très longue période. Cette monographie examine la manière par laquelle plusieurs facteurs, au nombre desquels la pauvreté, le chômage et le déni de participation politique, se sont combinés pour susciter la colère et la frustration au sein de divers groupes, notamment les jeunes, les poussant à adopter une position extrême en utilisant des idéologies islamiques. Elle démontre que les divergences extrémistes et les tendances d’un Islam politique ne devraient pas être séparées des facteurs qui les produisent à la base. For a long time t he region of Nort h Africa enjoyed what seemed like political stabilit y. e realit y behind this false ima ge has been unvei led late ly by the events t hat have ta kenplace in Tunisia, Egypt an d Libya. A c loser look at these uprisings shows that they have been simmerin g for a very long time. ismonograph examines the wa y in which a ran geof factors, includin g povert y, unemplo yment and denial of political partici pation, collaborated to generate an ger and frustration amon g various groups, particularl y the youth, pushin g them to adopt extreme stands usin g Islamic ideolo gies. It demonstrates that the extremist variances and tendencies of political Islam s hould not be separate d from the factors that generate t hem in t he rst p lace. ISS MONOGRAPH 180 9781920422462 ISBN 978-1-920422-46-2ISS Monograph No 180 Edited by Muna Abdalla This monograph has been made possible through funding provided by Humanity United and by the governments of Norway, Sweden, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands. INTERREGIONAL CHALLENGES OF ISLAMIC EXTREMIST MOVEMENTS IN NORTH AFRICA
PAGE – 2 ============
As a leading African human security research institution, the Institute for Securit y Studies (ISS) works towards a stable and peaceful Africa characterised by sustainable development, human rights, the rule o f law, democrac y,collaborative securit y and gender mainstreaming. The ISS realises this vision b y:Undertaking applied research, training and capacity building Working collaborativel y with others Facilitating and supporting polic y formulation Monitoring trends and polic y implementation Collecting, interpreting and disseminating in formation Networkin g on national, re gional and international level s© 2011, Institute for Security Studie sCop yright in the volume as a whole is vested in the Institute for Securit y Stu dies, an d no part ma y be repro duce d in w hole or in part wit hout t he express permission, in writing, of both the authors and the publishers .The opinions expressed do not necessaril y re ect those of the Institute, its trustees, members of the Council or donors. Authors contribute to ISS publications in their personal capacity .ISBN978-1-920422-46-2 First published b y the Institute for Securit y Studies ,P O Box 1787, Brookl yn Square 007 5Pretoria , South Afric awww.issafrica.or gCover p hotograp h Gallo Images/AFP Design, la yout and printin g Marketing Support Services +27 12 346-2168 ISS Head O ce Block D, Brooklyn Court, 361 Veale Street New Muckleneuk, Pretoria, South Africa Tel: +27 12 346 9500 Fax: +27 12 346 9570 E-mail: iss@issafrica.org ISS Addis Ababa O ce 5th Floor, Get House Building, Africa Avenue, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251 11 515 6320/24/67/98 Fax: +251 11 515 6449 E-mail: addisababa@issafrica.org ISS Cape Town O ce 2nd Floor, The Armoury Building, Buchanan Square 160 Sir Lowry Road, Woodstock, South Africa Tel: +27 21 461 7211 Fax: +27 21 461 7213 E-mail: capetown@issafrica.org ISS Dakar O ce Stèle Mermoz, 100x Elhadji, Ibrahima Niasse MZ83, Senegal Tel: +221 33 824 0918/21 Fax: +221 33 824 2246 E-mail: dakar@issafrica.org ISS Nairobi O ce Braeside Gardens, Muthangari Road, Lavington, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 386 1625 Fax: +254 20 386 1639 E-mail: nairobi@issafrica.org ISS Pretoria O ce Block C, Brooklyn Court, 361 Veale Street New Muckleneuk, Pretoria Tel: +27 12 346 9500 Fax: +27 12 460 0998 E-mail: pretoria@issafrica.org www.issafrica.org
PAGE – 5 ============
Monograph 180 iContents Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vAbout the authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Muna Abdalla Background and rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Chapter 1 ‘Political Islam’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Theoretical underpinnings Larbi Sadiki Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Islam and Islams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Contextualisation of political Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 From Al-Banna to Qutb and Islamic revival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Revisioning Islamism: an intellectual map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Chapter 2 Blurring geopolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Party politics and Islamist political parties in North Africa Mohamed Salih Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Islamist political organisations and parties in North Africa: from national to transnational networks of the Muslim ummah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
PAGE – 6 ============
ii Institute for Security Studies Contents Muslim transnationalism in the realm of Islamic political organisations and parties . . . 48 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Chapter 3 Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and Algerian Sa networks . . . . . . . . . 57 Amel Boubaker Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Jihadi Sa sm and the emergence of the Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb . . . . . . . 59 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Chapter 4 Moroccan Islamism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Between local participation and international Islamist networks uence? Sami Zemni Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Islamist kamikazes and networks: Sa sm, tak rism and jihadism? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Integrating some Islamists and excluding others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Islam, Islamism, jihad:the monarchy looking for scapegoats? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Religious reforms against jihad?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Some tentative conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Chapter 5 How the Muslim Brothers formulate their political position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 A reality-based conceptual review Amr Elshobaki Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Stages of development of Brotherhood ideology 101 The Brotherhood’s discourse and democracy: ideological or political dilemmas? . . . 110 Conclusion and the way forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Chapter 6 Islamism in the Sudan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Who was the challenger, what was at stake? Stefano Bellucci Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 25Who is the ‘fundamentalist’? Cultural subversion or political revolution . . . . . . . . . . 127
PAGE – 8 ============
iv Institute for Security Studies Contents Chapter 10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Muna Abdalla Survival and change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Islam as a means of political control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Turning points for extremism and jihad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 The political economy of instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
PAGE – 10 ============
vi Institute for Security Studies About the authors Professor Mohamed Salih is Professor of Politics of Development at the International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam and the Department of Political Science, University of Leiden, the Netherlands. His latest books include Interpreting Islamic political parties (Palgrave/ Macmillan, New York 2009) and Hermeneutics, scriptural politics, and human right s (Palgrave/Macmillan, New York 2010). Dr Larbi Sadiki is a specialist on democratisation at the University of Exeter. His latest books are Rethinking Arab democratization: elections without democracy (Oxford University Press, 2009) and (with B. Powel) EU-Tunisia relations: democratization via association (Routledge, 2010). Dr Hugh Roberts is an independent writer, lecturer and consultant and a spe- cialist on North African politics and history. He is the author of e Battle eld: Algeria 1988-2002. Studies in a broken polity (Verso 2003) and is currently working on two more books, namely Berber government , on the political or- ganisation and history of the Kabylia region of Algeria in the Ottoman period, and a book on the political dynamics of Islamism in North Africa. Professor Sami Zemni is Professor in the Department of ird World Studies (Political and Social Sciences) at Ghent University (Belgium). He coordinates the Middle East and North Africa Research Group. His research focuses on political Islam and political developments in North Africa. He regularly also writes on Muslims and Islam in the European context. Ms Amel Boubaker is a specialist in contemporary Islamist movements and an associate scholar at the Carnegie Middle East Center. Prior to joining
PAGE – 11 ============
Monograph 180 vii Edited by Muna Abdalla Carnegie, she was head of the Islam and Europe Programme at the Centre for European Policy Studies in Brussels. She is a research fellow at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales and has taught at the École Normale Supérieure and the Stanford University Center in Paris. She is the author of Le voile de la Mariée. Jeune musulmane, Voile et Projet matrimonial en France. L’Harmattan, 2004 ; European Islam: challenges for society and public policy, CEPS/OSI, 2007 and with Olivier Roy Whatever happened to the Islamists? Sala sm, heavy metal Muslims and the lure of consumerist Islam (Hurst/Columbia, 2010). Professor Stefano Bellucci is Professor of History, Politics and Societies of African and Asian Countries, and of Comparative African Political Systems at the University of Pavia, Italy. His latest book is Africa Contemporanea Politica, Cultura, Istituzioni a sud del Sahara (Carocci, Rome 2010). He con- ducts research on the consequences of colonialism in contemporary politics of the Horn of Africa and East Africa. Dr Muhammad Kabir Isa is a graduate of Political Science and Administration (BSc, MSc, & PhD) from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. He teaches at the same university in the Department of Local Government and Development Studies and Political Science at Gombe State University. He is a member of the UNESCO-MOST Ethno-Net Africa (University of Yaoundé, Cameroun) and has published several articles such as ‘Militant ethnic movement and youth sub-culture of violence in Nigerian cities: what future for democracy’; and ‘ e youth and militant ethnic movements in Nigeria: the search for survival and identity’. An upcoming publication is ‘AlieNation: the state of Koma in Nigeria’ in a book titled Encountering the state in Nigeria . Ms Omayma Abdel-Latif was a research and programme associate at the Carnegie Middle East Center. Prior to joining Carnegie she was assistant Editor in Chief at Al-Ahram Weekly , the Middle East’s leading English weekly. She has done extensive work on Islamist movements, with special emphasis on the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt. She has also covered a wide range of issues including Islamic-Western relations, political reform in Egypt, and political transition in Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq.
207 KB – 258 Pages