golongan lelaki yang menggunakan dadah sehingga menyebabkan golongan pengguna dadah A: Sekarang saya kerja sekali dengan abang (suami), tanam timun.
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fiWhen I was a child, I had to work, look for food on my own, everything on my own.fl fiMasa saya kanak-kanak dulu, saya kena kerja sendiri, cari makan sendiri, semua sendiri.fl State of Johor, 24 years old Policy Brief on Women who Use Drugs in Malaysia Laporan Dasar Wanita yang Menggunakan Dadah di Malaysia 22
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSCONTENTS This report and the study informing it was made possible by the collaborative guidance and input of numerous organisations, academics, advocates, people living with HIV and key affected populations. It was funded by the European Union with technical assistance from the International HIV/AIDS Alliance under the Asia Action project (2013-2015). Ethics approval was obtained from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) in Penang, Malaysia. Many thanks to Associate Professor B. Vicknasingam, principal investigator on the study for the Drug Research Centre at USM for his involvement in this study, and Priya Lall, Claudia Stoicescu, Kate Iorpenda and Zaki Arzmi for reviewing sections of the report and providing input and guidance. Thank you to Fatien Eleena Jabridin for being our dialect interpreter in Kelantan. Thanks also to Susie McLean, Olga Golichenko, and Claire Mathonsi at the International HIV/AIDS Alliance for continuing technical and moral support on our Women who Use Drugs qualitative research. Edited by: Zaki Arzmi Designed by: Goh Yuen Lu Published by: © Malaysian AIDS Council 2015 No. 12, Jalan 13/48A Sentul Raya Boulevard 51000 Kuala Lumpur MALAYSIA Suggested citation: F Rahman and S Iqbal, ‚Everything on My Own: a Policy Brief into Women who Use Drugs in Malaysia™ Malaysian AIDS Council, Kuala Lumpur (2015) The corresponding author is Fifa Rahman and may be contacted at ˜farahman@outlook.com. ISBN 978-967-13018-1-4Laporan ini dan kajian kualitatif kami tidak mungkin terjadi tanpa kerjasama, bimbingan, dan input beberapa organisasi, ahli akademik, aktivis, orang yang hidup dengan HIV dan populasi yang berisiko. Ia dibiayai oleh Kesatuan Eropah dengan bantuan teknikal daripada International HIV/AIDS Alliance dibawah projek Asia Action (2013-2015). Kelulusan etika telah didapati daripada Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. Ribuan terima kasih kepada Profesor Madya B Vicknasingam daripada Pusat Kajian Dadah, USM, penyelidik utama kajian kualitatif Wanita yang Mengguna Dadah untuk penglibatannya dalam kajian ini, dan Priya Lall, Claudia Stoicescu, dan Zaki Arzmi untuk penyuntingan beberapa bahagian dalam laporan ini dan juga memberi input dan bimbingan. Terima kasih kepada Fatin Eleena Jabridin atas bantuan terjemahan dialek Kelantan. Terima kasih juga kepada Susie McLean, Olga Golichenko, Kate Iorpenda dan Claire Mathonsi daripada International HIV/AIDS Alliance atas sokongan teknikal dan moral yang berterusan dalam kajian ini. Disclaimer Unless otherwise stated, the appearance of individuals in this publication gives no indication of HIV status, sexual orientation or gender identity. Policy Brief on Women who Use Drugs in Malaysia Laporan Dasar Wanita yang Menggunakan Dadah di Malaysia GLOSSARY 4 Glosari 4EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4Ringkasan Eksekutif 4 FOREWORD 5 Prakata 5Introduction 6 Pengenalan 6Methodology & Limitations 8Metodologi & Batasan 8 CASE STUDIES 9Kajian Kes 9 Siti, 30 9 Focus Group No. 3 11 Ayu, 40 12WHAT DO WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT WOMEN WHO USE DRUGS? 13 Apa Yang Sudah Diketahui Tentang Wanita Yang Menggunakan Dadah? 13Designing Effective Interventions for Women who Use Drugs 14 Mereka Bentuk Intervensi yang Efektif untuk Wanita yang Menggunakan Dadah 15RESULTS OF OUR STUDY 15Keputusan Kajian Kami 15 Dif˜cult Childhoods and Familial Drug Use 16 Stigma, Trauma and Violence 16 Gaps in Services Currently Provided 17 Parent-Child Separation and Impact on Women and Children 17 Zaman Kanak-Kanak yang Mencabar dan Penggunaan Dadah oleh Keluarga 18 Stigma, Trauma, dan Keganasan 18 Kekurangan Perkhidmatan yang Sedia Ada 19 Pengasingan Ibu daripada Anak dan Impak terhadap Wanita dan Kanak-Kanak 19POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 20Syor-Syor Dasar Baru 20 CONCLUSION 22 Kesimpulan 22MALAYSIAN AIDS COUNCIL 2333
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GLOSSARY Anti-Retroviral Medication (ARV) Medication used to suppress the HIV virus. Because no individual medication provides long- lasting effects, these medications are often provided in combinations. HIV treatment with ARVs has proven so successful that in many countries with accessible and affordable ARV provision, AIDS has become increasingly rare. If an individual has achieved reached an undetectable viral load, the risk of that person to infect another is reduced by more than 96%. Juga dikenali sebagai HAART, ia adalah ubat yang membendung replikasi virus HIV. Oleh kerana kegunaan sejenis ubat ARV sahaja boleh mendatangkan rintangan atau kelalian dengan cepat, ubatan ARV biasanya diberi dalam kombinasi. Rawatan HIV dengan ARV telah dibuktikan sangat efektif, sehingga di semua Negara dengan ARV yang berharga berpatutan dan mudah diakses, AIDS telah menjadi semakin jarang berlaku. Jika seseorang telah mencapai tahap beban virus (viral load) yang tidak dapat dikesan di dalam badan, risiko orang itu untuk menyebar HIV dibuktikan turun lebih daripada 96%. Evidence-Based Policy Policy that has been proven to work via quality scienti˜c research and best practice. Harm Reduction An ideology that understands the biological, chemical and socioeconomical factors why it is dif˜cult for someone to become abstinent from drug use, and acts to reduce drug harms from the health, familial relationships, propensity to commit crime, disease transmission aspects, and other psychosocial aspects. 2 Harm reduction programs in Malaysia include needle-and-syringe exchange programs and MMT. Ideologi yang memahami faktor biologi, kimia dan sosioekonomi mengapa sukar untuk seseorang menjadi abstinen daripada dadah, dan bertindak untuk mengurangkan kemudaratan dari segi kesihatan, hubungan kekeluargaan, kecenderungan melakukan jenayah, risiko jangkitan penyakit, dan faktor psikososial yang lain. 5 Modaliti pengurangan kemudaratan di Malaysia termasuk program pertukaran jarum dan alat suntikan dan MMT. MMTMethadone maintenance therapy, which is currently provided free of charge from Malaysian government clinics and voluntary clinics run by the National Anti-Drugs Agency. Methadone is a synthetic opioid which is used to treat opiate dependence (eg. Heroin). It has been very widely and heavily researched, and to date is the most effective drug to treat heroin dependence. Like medications for other chronic illnesses, it is most effective when used for a longer period of time. Methadone Maintenance Therapy atau terapi gantian methadone. Methadone ialah opioid sintetik yang digunakan untuk merawat pergantungan kepada dadah jenis opiate seperti heroin. Ia merupakan ubatan yang paling banyak dikaji dan adalah yang paling efektif untuk rawatan pergantungan kepada heroin. Seperti ubatan untuk penyakit kronik yang lain, penggunaannya paling efektif apabila diambil untuk jangka masa panjang. Outreach Services Temuseru An activity that is usually carried out by social workers or peer educators that involve walking in public places and engaging members of the public and marginalised communities, in terms of referral to health and welfare services, dispensing health information, protecting public order and/or providing HIV prevention tools (like sterile needles-and-syringes). Aktiviti yang biasanya dilakukan oleh pekerja sosial atau pembimbing rakan sebaya yang melibatkan berjalan disekitar kawasan-kawasan awam, sambil menjalankan tugas membuat rujukan kepada perkhidmatan kesihatan dan kebajikan, memberi maklumat kesihatan, memelihara ketenteraman awam dan/atau memberi alat-alat (seperti jarum dan alat suntikan) untuk pencegahan penyakit. GlosariRingkasan EksekutifEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Treatment services for drug addiction and harm reduction services in Malaysia are not targeted toward the unique needs of female drug users. Drug treatment and harm reduction services, therefore, are not integrated with childcare, sexual and reproductive health services, counselling, and domestic violence services. Women who use drugs face increased stigma from service providers, the general population, and their own families and friends as compared to men who use drugs. As many drug treatment services are heavily focused on male drug users, female drug users remain a hidden section of the population. A majority of women interviewed did not complete secondary education, and there is a lack of structural response to school dropouts. Women who use drugs in Malaysia often have their children removed from them, either by social services or by extended family members (including in-laws). One-˜fth of women interviewed reported experiencing intimate partner violence. A majority of respondents interviewed had come from poverty/resource-poor settings. Most women interviewed were married below the age of 20. Perkhidmatan rawatan dadah dan pengurangan kemudaratan di Malaysia tidak dikhususkan untuk keperluan unik wanita yang mengguna dadah. Oleh itu, perkhidmatan rawatan dadah tidak diintegrasi dengan perkhidmatan penjagaan anak, perkhidmatan kesihatan seksual dan reproduktif, kaunseling, dan perkhidmatan keganasan rumahtangga. Wanita yang mengguna dadah mengalami lebih stigma daripada pembekal perkhidmatan, masyarakat umum, dan keluarga dan rakan- rakan mereka sendiri berbanding dengan lelaki yang mengguna dadah. Oleh kerana kebanyakan perkhidmatan rawatan pergantungan dadah adalah berfokus kepada pengguna dadah lelaki, wanita yang mengguna dadah adalah golongan yang tersembunyi & terpinggir. Majoriti wanita yang ditemuduga tidak melengkapkan pendidikan sekolah menengah, dan tiada langsung intervensi terhadap pelajar yang tercicir. Wanita dengan permasalahan dadah di Malaysia sering dipisahkan daripada anak mereka (diambil oleh perkhidmatan kebajikan dan sosial ataupun ahli keluarga sendiri). Satu perlima wanita yang mengguna dadah mengalami keganasan daripada pasangan intim (termasuk suami). Majoriti daripada responden yang ditemuduga adalah daripada keluarga yang miskin atau persekitaran kekurangan sumber. Kebanyakan wanita yang ditemuduga telah berkahwin sebelum berumur 20 tahun. Policy Brief on Women who Use Drugs in Malaysia Laporan Dasar Wanita yang Menggunakan Dadah di Malaysia 44
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FOREWORD Although it is well-established that globally and in Malaysia the drug use epidemic is almost exclusively male in nature, data on women who use drugs in this country remains limited. The harm reduction programme, while largely successful in halving new HIV infections among people who inject drugs in Malaysia since its introduction in 2006, continues to offer services that cater to the needs of men who inject drugs at the expense of their female counterparts. While very little is known about the population size, socio-demographics, characteristics, drug using behaviour and many other aspects of women who use drugs, our work on the ground reveals the many gaps in the current harm reduction, health and welfare services that fail to address the gender speci˜c concerns and needs of this extremely hidden key sub-population such as childcare, sexual and reproductive health, and domestic violence. This research aims to bring to light the experiences, struggles, hopes and dreams of these oft-ignored, voiceless, faceless women who are otherwise tough, resilient, resourceful and courageous. Though only a handful were interviewed for the purpose of this study, each of their story was a silent cry for help against the injustices, violence, stigma, and exposures to health risks that they had had to suffer for being a woman and a drug user. While the study is not meant to be representative, it does make you wonder: How many more of these women are there who suffer the same fate (in silence)? The Malaysian AIDS Council hopes that this report will help to break the silence and give a voice to women who use drugs everywhere. The road to our vision, a Malaysian society that is free from the negative impact of HIV & AIDS, must be paved with legal, health care and welfare systems and infrastructures that meet the gender- speci˜c needs and respect the health rights of the most vulnerable, especially women who use drugs. The issues and recommendations put forth herein serve as a guide for the relevant authorities and policy makers to effect change. Walaupun secara umumnya penggunaan dadah di seluruh dunia dan di Malaysia dianggap permasalahan kaum lelaki semata-mata, data berkenaan wanita yang menggunakan dadah di negara ini adalah terhad. Program pengurangan kemudaratan telah berjaya menurunkan jangkitan HIV baharu dalam kalangan orang yang menyuntik dadah sehingga 50 peratus sejak diperkenalkan pada tahun 2006. Namun, pakej perkhidmatan kesihatan dalam program pengurangan kemudaratan di negara ini hanya memenuhi keperluan golongan lelaki yang menggunakan dadah sehingga menyebabkan golongan pengguna dadah wanita tercicir dalam rawatan. Masih terdapat banyak lagi aspek berkaitan wanita yang menggunakan dadah seperti saiz populasi, demogra˜ sosial, ciri-ciri dan tingkah laku penggunaan dadah tidak diketahui. Walaupun begitu, menerusi kerja-kerja di lapangan kami mendapati terdapat banyak lagi kelompangan yang masih wujud dalam perkhidmatan pengurangan kemudaratan, kesihatan dan kebajikan untuk memenuhi keperluan yang spesi˜k kepada gender populasi wanita yang menggunakan dadah yang amat tersembunyi ini seperti penjagaan anak, kesihatan seksual dan reproduktif dan keganasan domestik. Kajian bertujuan mendedahkan pengalaman, pergelutan, harapan dan cita-cita wanita-wanita terabai dan tidak dikenali ini yang sebaliknya tabah, bersemangat waja, pintar dan berani. Walaupun cuma segelintir yang ditemubual untuk tujuan kajian ini, setiap cerita mereka itu satu teriakan meminta tolong untuk melawan ketidakadilan, keganasan, stigma dan pendedahan kepada risiko penyakit yang terpaksa dialami atas nama wanita dan pengguna dadah. Sungguhpun kajian tidak dapat mewakili seluruh situasi, pembaca pasti tertanya: Berapa ramai lagikah wanita seperti ini yang menderita nasib yang sama (dan membisu)? Majlis AIDS Malaysia berharap laporan ini dapat memecahkan kesunyian dan memberikan suara kepada para wanita yang menggunakan dadah. Jalan menuju wawasan kami Œ sebuah masyarakat Malaysia yang bebas daripada impak negatif HIV & AIDS Œ mestilah berlandaskan sistem dan infrastruktur undang-undang, kesihatan dan kebajikan yang memenuhi keperluan spesi˜k gender dan menghormati hak-hak kesihatan mereka yang mudah terjejas, khasnya wanita yang menggunakan dadah. Semoga isu-isu serta syor- syor yang diketengahkan dalam penerbitan ini dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pihak-pihak berkuasa dan penggubal dasar yang relevan ke arah perubahan persekitaran yang positif. Datuk Dr. Raj Karim Presiden Majlis AIDS Malaysia PrakataPolicy Brief on Women who Use Drugs in Malaysia Laporan Dasar Wanita yang Menggunakan Dadah di Malaysia 55
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1 Kensy, J., Stengel, C., Nougier, M., and Birgin, R. (2012). Drug Policy and Women: Addressing the Negative Consequences of Harmful Drug Control. IDPC Brie˜ng Paper. London: International Drug Policy Consortium. Available from: http://idpc.net/publications/2012/11/drug-policy-and-women-addressing-the-negative-consequences-of- harmful-drug-control 2 Elan Lazuardi, Heather Worth, Antonia Morita Iswari Saktiawati, Catherine Spooner, Retna Padmawati & Yanri Subronto, ‚Boyfriends and injecting: the role of intimate male partners in the life of women who inject drugs in Central Java™ (2012) 14(5) Culture, Health & Sexuality 491-503 3 Jeanne Flavin and Lynne M Paltrow, ‚Punishing Pregnant Drug-Using Women: Defying Law, Medicine, and Common Sense™ (2010) 29 Journal of Addictive Diseases 231-244 4 Kensy, J., Stengel, C., Nougier, M., and Birgin, R. (2012). Drug Policy and Women: Addressing the Negative Consequences of Harmful Drug Control. IDPC Brie˜ng Paper. London: International Drug Policy Consortium. Available from: http://idpc.net/publications/2012/11/drug-policy-and-women-addressing-the-negative-consequences-of- harmful-drug-control 5 Problem or problematic drug use has been de˜ned as: ‚drug use which could either be dependent or recreational. In other words, it is not necessarily the frequency of drug use which is the primary ‚problem™ but the effects that drugtaking have on the user™s life (i.e they may experience social, ˜nancial, psychological, physical or legal problems as a result of their drug use). [Drugscope, http://www.drugscope.org.uk/resources/drugsearch/drugsearchpages/problemuse, Accessed 25 February 2015] Women who use drugs face more stigma than men who use drugs because their drug use is seen as contravening the natural roles of women in society i.e. mothers, the anchors of their families, and ficaretakers™™ 1&2. They are perceived to be bad women and bad mothers, and this has in some societies resulted in an unjusti˜able ‚moral panic™ 3. This moral panic often results in women who use drugs having their children removed from them, either by social services or by relatives. This report provides a snapshot into the lives of several women who use drugs in 4 areas in Malaysia: the north -INTRODUCTION Pengenalan ern states of Penang and Kelantan, the centrally located Klang Valley which includes the states of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, and the southern state of Johor. It is not generalisable to all women who use drugs in the country. It should be noted that many women who use drugs use them occasionally and without problems 4, and that the women depicted in this study and resulting policy report represent women who use drugs problematically 5 and experience harms related to their drug use. These women are often from a low socioeconomic back -ground, and are within reach of our outreach workers. There is limited data on the experiences and needs of women who use drugs in Malaysia. Research elsewhere has shown that women who use drugs face increased increased risks of HIV transmission, higher levels of stigma compared to men who use drugs, high levels of intimate partner violence, and mental illness.Laporan Dasar Wanita yang Menggunakan Dadah di Malaysia Policy Brief on Women who Use Drugs in Malaysia 66
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MALAYSIA Klang valleyKelantan Penang JohorThe study involved three focus group discussions (FGDs), comprising of 9, 5, and 5 participants respectively (19 in total) in Penang, Kelantan and Klang Valley, and 19 in- depth interviews in Klang Valley, Kelantan, Penang, and Johor. Respondents were recruited with the assistance of needle-and-syringe exchange outreach workers in each location, except for Penang. Penang interviews were conducted in conjunction with the National Anti-Drugs Agency (NADA) and Universiti Sains Malaysia coorganised workshop on methamphetamine use. Interviews and FGDs were conducted by trained interviewers using a semi-structured topic guide, and were audio recorded. Interviews in Kelantan were conducted with the assistance of an interviewer familiar with the local dialect. The purpose of the study was to elicit contextual narratives pertaining to socioeconomic background, drug use, family life, and access to health services (including harm reduction services and drug treatment) and other support services, including health, welfare, and other services available and accessible. Daripada September 2013 hingga Febuari 2015, Majlis AIDS Malaysia dengan kerjasama Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang dan Universiti Malaya menjalankan kajian kualitatif yang mendalam dengan 38 wanita yang mengguna dadah di Lembah Klang (Kuala Lumpur & Selangor), Kelantan, Johor, dan Penang. 18 responden telah ditemuduga secara individu dan yang lain (19) telah ditemuduga secara berkumpulan (‚focus group discussion™) di Pulau Pinang (9), Kelantan (5), dan Lembah Kelang (5). Kesemua responden telah dipilih dengan bantuan pekerja temuseru program pertukaran jarum dan alat suntikan di setiap lokasi, kecuali Pulau Pinang. Temuduga yang dijalankan di Pulau Pinang telah dijalankan dengan bengkel berkenaan methamphetamine yang dianjurkan bersama oleh Agensi Anti-Dadah Kebangsaan (AADK) dan Universiti Sains Malaysia. Temuduga telah dijalankan dengan bantuan ‚topic guide™ yang separa berstruktur dan telah dirakam secara audio. Temuduga di Kelantan telah dijalankan dengan bantuan penyelidik yang biasa dengan loghat tempatan. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan naratif ataupun kisah yang dapat memberi konteks mengenai latarbelakang, trend penggunaan dadah, hubungan dan situasi kekeluargaan, dan akses kepada perkhidmatan sokongan (termasuk perkhidmatan kesihatan, kebajikan, dan perkhidmatan sokongan yang lain) wanita yang mengguna dadah dalam skop jangkauan pekerja kesihatan Majlis AIDS Malaysia. From September 2013 to February 2015, Malaysian AIDS Council in cooperation with University Science Malaysia, Penang and University Malaya conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 38 women who use drugs in the Klang Valley (Kuala Lumpur & Selangor), Kelantan, Johor, and Penang. METHODOLOGY & LIMITATIONS Metodologi & Batasan Laporan Dasar Wanita yang Menggunakan Dadah di Malaysia Policy Brief on Women who Use Drugs in Malaysia 88
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CASE STUDIES Kajian Kes 10 Name changed to protect her identity 11 Nama ditukar untuk melindungi identitiSiti10, 30 Siti11, 30, ibu kepada tiga orang anak, tinggal di sebuah kawasan pedalaman di negeri Kelantan. Kali pertama Siti mengambil dadah heroin adalah semasa beliau berumur 16 tahun, yang diperkenalkan oleh sepupu lelakinya. Beliau pernah dipenjarakan selama setahun atas kesalahan penggunaan dadah berikutan ujian air kencing berulang kali yang menunjukkan keputusan positif dadah, dan sekarang hidup bersendirian setelah dipisahkan daripada ketiga-tiga anaknya. Kini dia menjalani program terapi gantian metadon. Untuk menyara kehidupan, dia melakukan kegiatan pertanian kecil-kecilan di halaman rumahnya dan menjual sayur- sayuran organik. Apabila ditanya tentang pasangan atau perkahwinan yang pernah dilaluinya, beliau menceritakan tentang keganasan daripada pasangan intim: fiPukul tu adalah, daripada suami kedua. Lepas tu saya buat laporan polis tentang dia. Saya dulu kerja kan, kerja kilang. Dia cakap saya ada lelaki lain. Dia ambik pisau letak dekat leher saya– Tapi saya tak apa-apa. Lepas tu (saya) kena hentam (dengan) pintu kereta. Mak saya ada masa tu.fl Walaupun terdapat kehadiran keluarga seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam situasi di atas, namun, seringkali mereka kurang kesedaran dan kemampuan untuk bertindakbalas terhadap situasi-situasi traumatik. Oleh itu, satu pendekatan baru perlu diwujudkan untuk memberikan sokongan kepada wanita yang terpinggir dan berisiko untuk dijangkiti HIV. fiHe took a knife and put it to my neck. Nothing happened, but then he slammed me against the car door.fl fiDia ambil pisau letak dekat leher saya– Tapi saya tak apa-apa. Lepas tu (saya) kena hentam (dengan) pintu kereta.fl is a mother of three children living in a rural area in the state of Kelantan. She was ˜rst initiated into heroin use at the age of 16 by a male cousin. She has been to prison once for a duration of one year for drug use based on repeated positive urine tests, and is separated from her children. Currently on methadone maintenance therapy, she grows a variety of crops in her backyard, and sells organic produce to make a living. When asked about previous relationships/marriages, she recalled incidences of intimate partner violence: fiOf course there was beating, from my second husband. And I™d made a police report against him. It™s because I was working at that time, working in a factory. And he thought I had another man. He took a knife and put it to my neck. Nothing happened, but then he slammed me against the car door. My mum was there. She saw it.fl The situation depicts an environment where while familial support is present, often, there is a lack of empowerment, awareness and support infrastructure related to responding to traumatic events. This necessitates a new response to providing support for marginalized women and women at risk of HIV. Policy Brief on Women who Use Drugs in Malaysia Laporan Dasar Wanita yang Menggunakan Dadah di Malaysia 99
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METHADONE AND STABILITY A: Now I work together with my husband, planting cucumber. Q: I want to ask, how did you get to know about methadone? A: Methadone? Well before this I bought it at the pharmacy of a private clinic. And later I found out that they had it in government clinics and that it was free. A: Sekarang saya kerja sekali dengan abang (suami), tanam timun. Q: Saya nak tanya, macam mana boleh kenal methadone ni? A: Methadone? Sebelum ni saya beli dekat farmasi klinik swasta. Lepas tu baru saya tahu ada di klinik kerajaan, free. Policy Brief on Women who Use Drugs in Malaysia Laporan Dasar Wanita yang Menggunakan Dadah di Malaysia 1010
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Kumpulan Kajian No. 3 Wanita di dalam kumpulan ini berumur diantara 19-32. Umur penggunaan dadah paling muda adalah umur 15 tahun oleh kerana tekanan daripada masalah keluarga. Salah seorang wanita di dalam kumpulan ini telah dipaksa kahwin dengan pelanggan tokan dadah oleh tokan dadah tersebut. Sebelum itu, dia memberikan kepercayaan sepenuhnya kepada tokan dadah tersebut oleh kerana beliau menganggapnya sebagai bapa kandungnya sendiri, malah memanggilnya ‚pakcik™. Sepanjang perkahwinannya, beliau dikurniakan tujuh orang anak, tetapi, terpaksa menyerahkan anak ketiga ketika baru lahir kepada keluarga seseorang anggota polis kerana tidak mampu menanggung bayi tersebut. Manakala lagi seorang wanita mengambil dadah semula setelah mengambil tahu bahawa suami beliau telah berlaku curang kepadanya. Apabila ditanya jikalau diberi peluang hendak berhenti mengambil dadah atau tidak, semua menunduk dan berjawab bahawa, fikalau diberi peluang mestilah nak. Memang nak.fl Dalam temuduga yang dijalankan keperluan mereka telah menjadi nyata: Kesemua wanita ini meminta satu perkara iaitu untuk masyarakat umum memberi sokongan kepada mereka supaya mereka boleh berdikari dan berdiri dengan sendiri dan berhenti menggunakan dadah supaya mereka boleh bekerja dan meningkatkan kualiti hidup mereka dan juga anak-anak mereka. ARE WOMEN WHO USE DRUGS DIFFERENT FROM MEN WHO USE DRUGS? fiIt™s embarrassing. I™m ashamed. When people ˜nd out that you™re a woman, using drugs, they will look at you sideways, and sneer at us. They say, fishe uses needlesfl, fishe™s using heroinfl. We don™t want people to know about it.fl PADA PENDAPAT ANDA, ADAKAH TERDAPATNYA BEZA DIANTARA WANITA YANG MENGGUNA DADAH BERBANDING DENGAN LELAKI YANG MENGGUNA DADAH? fiMalu, segan. Apabila orang dapat tahu yang kita ni perempuan, dia akan pandang tepi, pandang sindir. Dia akan cakap fipakai jarum tufl, fidia tu pakai heroinfl. Kita tak nak orang tahu.fl Focus Group No. 3 consisted of women aged between 19-32. The earliest age of initiation into drug use among these women was 15 years old due to pressure from dysfunctional family relationships. One respondent described a drug pusher who had befriended her in lieu of any signi˜cant familial support and role models, and later coerced her into marrying one of his clients. She referred to him as ‚uncle™ (pakcik) throughout the interview. She has a total of seven childen, and had to give her 3rd child away as a children to a police of˜cer™s family because she could not support him. This underlines the need for sexual and reproductive health services and counseling, and ˜nancial awareness support to be integrated in drug treatment services for women who use drugs. Another respondent relapsed into drug use when she found out her husband cheated on her. When asked if they have a chance to stop taking drugs will they take it, all spontaneously nodded. One respondent said: fiif we were given a chance, of course we want to. We do want to.fl Throughout the interview a clear need emerged: the women all expressed the wish for society to support them so they could be independent and stand on their own feet. They also all wanted help to stop using drugs so that they would be able to work and improve their quality of life for themselves and the their children. Laporan Dasar Wanita yang Menggunakan Dadah di Malaysia Policy Brief on Women who Use Drugs in Malaysia 1111
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