TRANSITION, CHANGE, AND THE ROAD TO WAR, 1902–1917 . reduce so much of human behavior to scientific principles or mecha- nistic templates.
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PIN : 081787Œ000AMERIC AN MILIT ARY HISTORY VOLUME ITHE UNITED STATES ARMY AND THE FORGING OF A NATION , 1775 Œ 1917 Center of Military History United States Army AMERIC AN MILIT ARY HISTORY VOLUME ITHE UNITED STATES ARMY AND THE FORGING OF A NATION , 1775 Œ1917
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data American military history / Richard W. Stewart, general editor. Š 2nd ed. p. cm. Š (Army historical series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. United StatesŠHistory, Military. 2. United States. ArmyŠHistory. I. Stewart, Richard W. (Richard Winship), 1951Œ II. Center of Military History. III. Title. IV. Series. E181.A44 2009 355™.00973Šdc22 2009011595Revised EditionŠFirst Printed 2005ŠCMH Pub 30Œ21
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Army Historical Series Advisory Committee (As of October 2008) Reina J. Pennington Norwich University U.S. Army Center of Military History Jeffrey J. Clarke, Chief of Military History William T. Allison Georgia Southern University Lt. Gen. William B. Caldwell IV U.S. Army Combined Arms Center James J. Carafano The Heritage Foundation Brig. Gen. Edward C. Cardon U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Brig. Gen. Patrick Finnegan U.S. Military Academy John F. Gilmartin Ohio State University Joyce E. Morrow Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army Mark P. Parillo Kansas State University Col. Thomas Torrance U.S. Army War College Lt. Gen. David D. Valcourt U.S. Army Training and Doctrine CommandPaul M. Wester Jr. National Archives and Records AdministrationChief Historian Chief, Histories Division Editor in ChiefRichard W. Stewart Joel D. Meyerson Keith R. Tidman
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vCONTENTS Page FOREWORD . xiii PREFA CE TO THE 2005 EDITION .. . xvChapter 1. I NTRODUCTION . 1 What Is Military History? 1 Theory and Practice of War . 5 The American Military System .. 14 2. T HE BEGINNINGS . . 19 The European Heritage . 19 The Military Revolution . 21 Eighteenth Century European Warfare . 22 The Colonial Scene .. 27 Colonial Militia .. 30 32 .. 40 The Colonial Heritage .. 41 3. T HE AMERICAN REVOLUTION , FIRST PHASE .. . 45 The Outbreak Formation of the Continental Army 50 The Invasion of Canada and the Fall of Boston .. 53 The New Nation . 55 Evolution of the Continental Army 57 The British Problem . Of Strategy .. .. Trenton and Princeton .. 70 4. T HE WINNING OF INDEPENDENCE, 1777Œ1783 .. . 75 The Campaign of 1777 .. 75 Valley Forge .. 85 First Fruits of the French Alliance . 87 The New Conditions of the War 89 British Successes in the South .. 90 Nadir of the American Cause .. 93 Greene™s Southern Campaign 95 Yorktown: The Final Act 98 Surrender of Cornwallis . 101 The Summing Up: Reasons, Lessons, and Meaning 102
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viiChapter Page 10. T HE CIVIL WAR, 1862 . 223 The War in the East: The Army of the Potomac Moves South 223 Jackson™s Valley Campaign .. 225 Peninsula Campaign . 227 The Seven Days™ Battles . 228 Second Bull Run . 230 Lee Invades Maryland 232 Lincoln™s Emancipation Proclamation .. 234 Fiasco at Fredericksburg . 237 The War in the West: The Twin Rivers Campaign . 239 Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson . 240 Confederate Counterattack at Shiloh 242 Perryville to Stones River 244 The War West of the Mississippi 248 11. T HE CIVIL WAR, 1863 . 253 The East: Hooker Crosses the Rappahannock . 253 Chancellorsville: Lee™s Boldest Risk . Lee™s Second Invasion of the North 258 Gettysburg The West: Confusion over Clearing the Mississippi Grant™s Campaign against Vicksburg Chickamauga Campaign . 272 Grant at Chattanooga 278 12. T HE CIVIL WAR, 1864Œ1865 . . 283 Unity of Command . 283 Lee Cornered at Richmond . 287 Sherman™s Great Wheel to the East . 292 Thomas Protects the Nashville Base Lee™s Last 100 Days .. 298 Dimensions of the War . 301 13. D ARKNESS AND LIGHT: THE INTERW AR YEARS, 1865Œ1898 .. . 307 Demobilization, Reorganization, and the French Threat in Mexico .. 307 Reconstruction .. 308 Domestic Disturbances . 311 The National Guard Movement . 312 Isolation and Professional Development 313 Line and Staff Technical Development . 317 Civil Accomplishment .. 320 14. W INNING THE WEST: THE ARMY IN THE INDIAN WARS, 1865Œ1890 . . 325 The Setting and the Challenge .. Life in the Frontier Army The Bozeman Trail .. 330 The Southern Plains . 332 The Northwest .. 335 The Southwest .. 337 The Northern Plains . 339
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viiiChapter Page 15. E MERGENCE TO WORLD POWER , 1898Œ1902 . . 347 A New Manifest Destiny 347 Trouble in Cuba . 348 Mobilizing for War .. 349 352 Operations in the Caribbean 353 Battle of Santiago 355 The Fall of Manila .. 359 The Philippine-American War, 1899Œ1902 . The Boxer Uprising . 16. T RANSITION, CHANGE, AND THE ROAD TO WAR, 1902Œ1917 . . 371 Modernizing the Armed Forces . 372 Reorganization of the Army: Establishment of the General Staff 375 Reorganization of the Army: The Regular Army and the Militia .. 379 The Creation of Larger Units .. 380 Caribbean Problems and Projects .. 381 The Army on the Mexican Border .. 383 . 387 An End to Neutrality 389 The Army Transformed . 390 EPILOGUE: THE AMERICAN ARMY, 1775Œ1917 .. . 393 INDEX . 397MapsNo. 1. Colonial North America .. 33 2. Braddock™s Expedition, JuneŒJuly 1755 .. 37 3. Boston-Concord Area, 18Œ19 April 1775 . 49 4. American Attack on Quebec, 28 AugustŒ2 December 1775 . 54 .. .. 72 7. PennsylvaniaŒNew Jersey Area of Operations, 1777Œ1778 .. 78 8. Battle of Germantown, 4 October 1777 . 80 9. Burgoyne™s March on Albany, JuneŒOctober 1777 .. 8210. The Southern Area, 1778Œ1781 9111. Battle of the Cowpens, 17 January 1781 .. 9712. Concentration of Forces at Yorktown, AprilŒOctober 1781 10013. The Northern Frontier, 1783Œ1812 .. 11014. Westward Expansion and Exploration, 1803Œ1807 .. 12515. The Northern Frontier, War of 1812 . 133 . 14317. The Southern Frontier, War of 1812 . 14518. Chesapeake Bay Area, 1812Œ1814 . 14719. Westward Expansion, 1815Œ1845 . 20. Second Seminole War: Florida, 1835Œ1842 .. 170
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ixNo. Page . 18122. The Civil War Area of Operations 201 . 208 .. 211 .. 229 .. 235 . 238 . 243 247 . 255 .. .. . 273 . 289 .. 294 . 30338. The Trans-Mississippi West: Some Posts, Tribes, and Battles of the Indian Wars, 329 34240. Greater Antilles Area of Operations, 1898 35141. Siege of Santiago, 1Œ17 July 1898 . 357IllustrationsThe Army Seal . 4Battle Streamers .. 8Alexander the Great 20Gustavus Adolphus 22Brown Bess Musket 24American Artillery Crew in Action during the Revolutionary War .. 25Vauban™s Fortress .. 27King Philip (Metacom) 29First Muster . 31Braddock™s Defeat . 39 .. 40Minutemen Bid Their Families Farewell 47Presenting the Declaration of Independence .Pattern 1777 Cartridge Box George Washington at Princeton Surrender of Hessian Troops to General Washington after the Battle of Trenton, December 1776 .. 71Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben 77Nathanael Greene 79Benedict Arnold .. 84English-made Pistols Presented to George Washington . 88fiThe Swamp Foxfl Brigadier General Francis Marion with SC Militia .. 93Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, October 19th, 1781 .. 102Alexander Hamilton . 109
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x Page Henry Knox . 113Washington Reviewing the West Army at Fort Cumberland, Maryland .. 115Arthur St. Clair . 117Anthony Wayne .. 118West Point, New York 122William Clark ..Meriwether Lewis .Uniform Coat of Private of Connecticut Artillery, ca. 1808 . 132Wooden Canteen of the Revolutionary War Era .Henry Dearborn . 139 .. 142Jacob J. Brown 150Battle of New Orleans 154Pattern 1812 Bell Crown Shako William Harris Crawford .Major General Andrew Jackson, President of the United States . ..Knapsack for Volunteer Militia, ca. 1830 .Osceola of Florida On Stone . 173Stephen Watts Kearny . 174Gen™ Scott™s Entrance into Mexico . 184Pillow™s Attack Advancing through the Woods of Chapultepec .. 189Topographical Engineers Exploring the Colorado River . 193 . 200 . 200 . 203Union Volunteers in Camp 204 . 214Army Camp #6 .General McClellan™s Field Glasses . 217 .. 218Naval Engagement in Hampton Roads 224General George B. McClellan . 225General fiJebfl Stuart, C.S.A., 1863 .. 228H. W. Halleck .. 230Orange and Alexandria Railroad Military Bridge . 231General Halleck™s Hardee Hat . 231General Longstreet . 232The Bloody Lane, Battle of Antietam . 233107th Infantry Guards in Front of the Guard House General Burnside .. 239Joseph L. Hooker . 254General Jackson 257 259 .Little Round Top Signal Flag .. General Bragg .. 274General Forrest 274Battle of Chickamauga
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