Three categories (up until about 25 yrs ago). ▫ Organic brain syndromes. ▫ Neurosis: any disorder characterized by conflict and.
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Psychopathology & Abnormal Psychology Psychopathology & Abnormal Psychology We have talked about individual differences in We have talked about individual differences in personality, abilities, etc., but some individual personality, abilities, etc., but some individual differences go beyond the range of normal differences go beyond the range of normal functioning and are usually called psychological functioning and are usually called psychological disorders disorders Just how to define psychopathology is the Just how to define psychopathology is the subject of some disagreement subject of some disagreement Is it simply statistically infrequent behavior? Is it simply statistically infrequent behavior? Violation of social norms? Violation of social norms? Behavior that produces personal distress? Behavior that produces personal distress? Maladaptive or dysfunctional behavior? Maladaptive or dysfunctional behavior? Psychological disorders generally fit several of Psychological disorders generally fit several of these criteria these criteria
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Classification schemes Classification schemes Three categories (up until about 25 yrs ago) Three categories (up until about 25 yrs ago) Organic brain syndromes Organic brain syndromes Neurosis Neurosis : any disorder characterized by conflict and : any disorder characterized by conflict and anxiety that cause distress and impair a person anxiety that cause distress and impair a person ™™s s functioning but don functioning but don ™™t render him/her incapable of t render him/her incapable of coping with external reality (e.g., phobias, panic coping with external reality (e.g., phobias, panic disorder, obsessive disorder, obsessive –compulsive disorder, etc.) compulsive disorder, etc.) Psychosis Psychosis : any disorder characterized by severely : any disorder characterized by severely disordered thought or perception to the point of a disordered thought or perception to the point of a break with reality (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar break with reality (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) disorder) Examples Examples
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Classification schemes Classification schemes The current emphasis is on clear, The current emphasis is on clear, observable criteria (vs. theory observable criteria (vs. theory –based based inferences about unseen processes, e.g., inferences about unseen processes, e.g., fifiunconscious conflict unconscious conflict flfl))Terms have changed somewhat Terms have changed somewhat neurosis: not as widely used neurosis: not as widely used psychosis: still used but more narrowly psychosis: still used but more narrowly DSM DSM –IV IV
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Classification and Diagnosis of Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Disorders Mental Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM (DSM –IV): The most widely used scheme IV): The most widely used scheme for classifying psychological disorders for classifying psychological disorders The The fifiBible Bible flflof mental disorders of mental disorders Catalogue of mental disorders and how to Catalogue of mental disorders and how to diagnose them diagnose them Five Axes, or categories of evaluation Five Axes, or categories of evaluation
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Classification and Diagnosis of Classification and Diagnosis of Mental Disorders Mental Disorders DSM DSM –IV axes (the individual gets an IV axes (the individual gets an evaluation on each axis) evaluation on each axis) Axis 1: Major Clinical Syndromes Axis 1: Major Clinical Syndromes Axis 2: Personality Disorders Axis 2: Personality Disorders Axis 3: Physical Disorders Axis 3: Physical Disorders Axis 4: Stressful Life Events Axis 4: Stressful Life Events Axis 5: Overall Level of Functioning Axis 5: Overall Level of Functioning
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Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders are characterized by anxiety Anxiety disorders are characterized by anxiety ŠŠA sense of apprehension or doom that is A sense of apprehension or doom that is accompanied by many physiological reactions, accompanied by many physiological reactions, such as accelerated heart rate, sweaty palms, such as accelerated heart rate, sweaty palms, tightness in the stomach, tension, fear, insomnia tightness in the stomach, tension, fear, insomnia Generalized anxiety disorder Generalized anxiety disorder Phobias Phobias Panic disorder (PD) Panic disorder (PD) Obsessive Obsessive –compulsive disorder (OCD) compulsive disorder (OCD) Stress disorders Stress disorders
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Specific Phobias Specific Phobias Irrational, persistent fears, anxiety, and Irrational, persistent fears, anxiety, and avoidance that focus on specific objects, avoidance that focus on specific objects, activities, or situations activities, or situations People with phobias realize that their fears People with phobias realize that their fears are unreasonable and excessive, but they are unreasonable and excessive, but they cannot control them cannot control them
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Animals, or a specific animal Animals, or a specific animal Zoophobia Zoophobia Thirteen Thirteen Triskaidekaphobia Triskaidekaphobia Being buried alive Being buried alive Taphophobia Taphophobia Fire Fire Pyrophobia Pyrophobia Disease Disease Pathophobia Pathophobia Crowds Crowds Ochlophobia Ochlophobia Darkness Darkness Nyctophobia Nyctophobia Dirt or germs Dirt or germs Mysophobia Mysophobia Being alone Being alone Monophobia Monophobia Blood Blood Hematophobia Hematophobia Enclosed spaces Enclosed spaces Claustrophobia Claustrophobia Lightning and thunder Lightning and thunder Astraphobia Astraphobia Pain Pain Algophobia Algophobia Open spaces Open spaces Agoraphobia Agoraphobia Heights Heights Acrophobia Acrophobia Object or Situation Feared Object or Situation Feared Name Name Specific Phobias Specific Phobias
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Social Phobias Social Phobias Social phobias are very common and often Social phobias are very common and often involve, for example, involve, for example, Fear of embarrassment or humiliation in front Fear of embarrassment or humiliation in front of others of others Avoidance of situations of possible exposure Avoidance of situations of possible exposure to public scrutiny to public scrutiny Avoidance of public speaking or performing Avoidance of public speaking or performing for fear of failure for fear of failure Avoidance of restaurants for fear of choking Avoidance of restaurants for fear of choking on food on food
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Phobias Phobias ŒŒPossible Causes Possible Causes Classical conditioning, e.g., Classical conditioning, e.g., Fear of dogs after a dog bite Fear of dogs after a dog bite Fear of heights after a fall Fear of heights after a fall Oversensitivity to some stimuli Oversensitivity to some stimuli Unrealistic beliefs Unrealistic beliefs Evolutionary: phobias are excessive Evolutionary: phobias are excessive manifestations of otherwise useful fears, e.g., manifestations of otherwise useful fears, e.g., fear of heights could have been naturally fear of heights could have been naturally selected, because it was useful to our ancestors selected, because it was useful to our ancestors to avoid falling to death to avoid falling to death
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