border demarcation manual. During the era of what might be especially in terms of personnel, with the Darul Islam (House of Islam) movement, which pand the core membership of the regional grouping dubbed ASEAN +. 6, which brings

364 KB – 278 Pages

PAGE – 1 ============
The Borderlands of Southeast Asia Geopolitics, Terrorism, and Globalization The Borderlands of Southeast Asia Clad, McDonald, and Vaughn Edited by James Clad, Sean M. McDonald, and Bruce Vaughn As an academic ˜eld in its own right, the topic of border studies is experiencing a revival in university geography courses as well as in wider political commentary. Until recently, border studies in con -temporary Southeast Asia appeared as an a˚erthought at best to the politics of interstate rivalry and national consolidation. ˛e maps set out all agreed postcolonial lines. Meanwhile, the physical demarcation of these boundar -ies lagged. Large slices of territory, on land and at sea, eluded de˜nition or delineation. ˛at comforting ambiguity has disappeared. Both evolving technologies and price levels enable rapid resource extraction in places, and in volumes, once scarcely imaginable. ˛e beginning of the 21 st century™s second decade is witnessing an intensifying diplomacy, both state-to-state and commercial, over o˝shore petroleum. In particular, the South China Sea has moved from being a rather arcane area of con˙ict studies to the status of a bellwether issue. Along with other contested areas in the western Paci˜c and south Asia, the problem increasingly de˜nes China™s regional relationships in AsiaŠand with powers outside the region, especially the United States. Yet intraregional territorial di˝erences also hobble multilateral diplomacy to counter Chinese claims, and daily management of borders remains burdened by a lot of retrospective baggage.ˆ ˛e contributors to this book emphasize this mix of heritage and history as the primary leitmotif for contemporary border rivalries and dynamics. Whether the region™s 11 states want it or not, their bordered identity is falling into ever sharper de˜nitionŠif only because of pressure from extraregional states. Chapters are organized by country to elicit a broad range of thought and approach as much as for the speci˜c areas or nation-states examined in each chapter. ˛is book aims to provide new ways of looking at the reality and illusion of bordered Southeast Asia. Edited by James Clad, Sean M. McDonald, and Bruce Vaughn, with contri -butions from: Zachary Abuza Rhoda Margesson David Rosenberg Richard P. Cronin Dick K. Nanto Carlyle A. ˛ayer David Lee Patricia O™Brien Michael Wood Institute for National Strategic StudiesNational Defense University

PAGE – 5 ============
Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Defense Department or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Portions of this book may be quoted or reprinted without permission, provided that a standard source credit line is included. NDU Press would appreciate a courtesy copy of reprints or reviews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data e borderlands of Southeast Asia : geopolitics, terrorism, and globalization / edited by James Clad, Sean M. McDonald, and Bruce Vaughn. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Borderlands–Southeast Asioutheast Asia–Boundaries. 3. Southeast Asia–Foreign relationerrorism–Southeast Asia. 5. Globalization–Southeast Asi I. Clad, James. II. McDonald, Sean M. III. Vaughn, Bruce, 1963- IV. National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies. JZ1720.B67 2011 327.59–dc23 2011020039NDU Press publications are sold by the U.S. Government Printing Office. For ordering informa -tion, call (202) 512Œ1800 or write to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. For GPO publications on-line, access its Web site at: http://book -store.gpo.gov. For current publications of the Institute for National Strategic Studies, consult the National Defense University Web site at: http://www.ndu.edu.

PAGE – 6 ============
vContents List of Illustrations vii Introduction ..ix Chapter 1 Delineation and Borders in Southeast Asia .1James Clad Chapter 2 Archaeology, National Histories, and National Borders in Southeast Asia .23Michael Wood Chapter 3Historical Survey of Borders in Southeast Asia .59David Lee Chapter 4Borderlands, Terrorism, and Insurgency in Southeast Asia .89Zachary Abuza Chapter 5e Maritime Borderlands: Terrorism, Piracy, Pollution, and Poaching in the South China Sea ..107David Rosenberg Chapter 6Bilateral and Multilateral Trade Arrangements in Southeast Asia: Forces for Integration? ..127Dick K. Nanto Chapter 7e Environment and Development: Greater Mekong Subregion Dynamics Considered .. 157Richard P. Cronin

PAGE – 8 ============
viiIllustrations Figures Figure 6Œ1. Types of Trading Arrangements by Intensity of Economic Integration ..137Figure 6Œ2. Major Regional Trade Arrangements in the Asia Pacific .143Figure 6Œ3. ASEAN Trade within ASEAN and with Rest of World . 151Figure 6Œ4. ASEAN Country Exports of Automobiles and Parts to ASEAN and to Rest of World ..153Figure 6Œ5. Exports of Automobiles and Parts from Thailand ..154Tables Table 6Œ1. Free Trade Agreements, Negotiations, and Discussions by ASEAN Members and Selected Other Nations, 2010 .141Table 6Œ2. Major Trading Partners of East Asian Nations and the United States Ranked by Total Exports Plus Imports 148Table 9Œ1. Chronology of Key Events in Western New Guinea 216Maps Map 1Œ1. Southeast Asia . 3Map 3Œ1. Ethnic Mosaic of Southeast Asia .62Map 3Œ2. Colonial Boundaries in Southeast Asia 65Map 5Œ1. South China Sea Maritime Claims .121Map 6Œ1. Trade Arrangements in Southeast Asia ..128Map 7Œ1. Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Corridors 169Map 8Œ1. Refugee and Resettlement Sites along Thai-Burma Border ..199

PAGE – 10 ============
ixIntroduction As an academic field in its own right, the topic of border studies is experiencing a revival in university geography courses as well as in wider political commentary. Of course, something about the postmodernist sensibility readily embraces the ambiguity, impermanence, transience, and twilight nature of bordered spaces among the planet™s 192 territorially defined states. But we have another motivation in assembling this book, one rooted in contemporary rivalries sited in one of the world™s most open regions. Until recently, border studies in contemporary Southeast Asia ap -peared as an afterthought at best to the politics of interstate rivalry and national consolidation. The maps set out all agreed postcolonial lines. Meanwhile, the physical demarcation of these boundaries lagged. Large slices of territory, on land and at sea, eluded definition or delineation. That comforting ambiguity has disappeared. Both evolving tech -nologies and price levels enable rapid resource extraction in places, and in volumes, once scarcely imaginable. The old adage that God really does have a sense of humor (fiafter all, look where He/She put the oilfl) holds as true in Southeast Asia as in the Middle East. The beginning of the 21 st century™s second decade is witnessing an intensifying diplomacy, both state-to-state and commercial, over off -shore petroleum. In particular, the South China Sea has moved from being a rather arcane area of conflict studies to the status of a bellwether issue. Along with other contested areas in the western Pacific and south Asia, the problem increasingly defines China™s regional relationships in AsiaŠand with powers outside the region, especially the United States. Yet intraregional territorial differences also hobble multilat -eral diplomacy to counter Chinese claims. For the region™s national governments, the window for submission and adjudication of maritime claims under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas marks a legal checkpoint, but daily management of borders remains burdened by retrospective baggage. The contributors to this book emphasize this mix of heritage and history as the primary leitmotif for contemporary border rivalries and dynamics. Whether the region™s 11 states want it or not, their bor -dered identity is falling into ever sharper definitionŠif only because of pressure from extraregional states. Chinese state and commercial power dovetails almost seamlessly with Beijing™s formal territorial demands. Yet subregional rivalries

PAGE – 11 ============
x THE BORDERLANDS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA and latent suspicions also remain firmly in placeŠas in those among Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia, or between Thailand and those states that encircle the kingdom. Tracing back to its history of tributary states, the Chinese colossus has fixed views about all states contiguous to its territory; in some Chinese dialects, Vietnam is still referred to as a firenegade province.fl We chose to organize the chapters by country to elicit a broad range of thought and approach as much as for the specific areas or nation-states examined in each chapter. For both Southeast Asia and the outside world, the current era portends another unsettled period of border disputes and contentious territorial claims. Complex claims also have unsettled the Arctic and inland seas like the Caspian. The precision we laud in global positioning and tracking systems has also wreaked havoc on the apparent certainties bequeathed by all the carefully surveyed (at least by 19 th-century standards) boundaries left behind by the departing colonial powers. Of course, these new uncertainties about the place on the terrain of exact map coordinates can probably remain safely unsettled for a long timeŠbut only so long as no resource discoveries emerge, which can lift the problem from obscurity to prominence in the political equivalent of a heartbeat. Each chapter aims to provide new ways of looking at the reality and illusion of bordered Southeast Asia. We hope this volume marks the first of a series offering a similar variety of perspectives into the working of the Westphalian system in different parts of AsiaŠand the wider world. We would like to thank the administration of Bentley University, which provided a generous amount of time, research, and publication support, and we remain grateful for the faith they have consistently shown in our efforts. We would also like to thank the United StatesŒ Indonesian Society for the travel research grant that enabled the authors to conduct field work in support of this project. We would like to acknowledge the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) at the National Defense University (NDU) for provid -ing funding for this book™s publication. We thank Lew Stern at INSS for initially recommending publication and Phillip Saunders at the Center for Strategic Research for reviewing and refining the manuscript; NDU Press, particularly Lisa Yambrick, for editing the manuscript and man -aging the publication process; and the Center for Strategic Conferenc -ing, particularly Gerald Faber, for developing a targeted distribution strategy for the book.

364 KB – 278 Pages