ISBN 978-92-2-130386-2 (web pdf). International Labour Office precarious employment / part-time employment / temporary employment / informal employment
396 pages
263 KB – 396 Pages
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˜˚˛ˇ ‘˜˚˛ ‘‘ ‘ ˚˙ˇ ‚‡‡‡ ˚˙ˇ’ Non-standard employment around the world: Understanding challenges, shaping prospects ‘ ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘ ˇ ‘ ‡‡‡’ ˇ’ This publication was produced by the Document and Publications Production, Printing and Distribution Branch (PRODOC) of the ILO.Graphic and typographic design, layout and composition, proofreading, printing, electronic publishing and distribution.PRODOC endeavours to use paper sourced from forests managed in an environmentally sustainable and socially responsible manner. Code: DTP-CORR-JMB-STA
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x3.3. Migrants 1443.4. Summary .. 1514. Why ˜rms use non-standard employment and how it affects them . 1574.1. Why do ˜rms use non-standard employment? . 1574.2. How widespread is the use of non-standard employment among ˜rms? 1644.3. Effects on ˜rms 1704.4. Summary .. 1805. Effects on workers, labour markets and society .. 1855.1. Effects on workers. 1865.2. Effects on labour markets and economies at large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2175.3. Wider social consequences 2215.4. Summary .. 223Appendix: Review of literature .. 2336. Addressing decent work de˜cits in non-standard employment . 2476.1. Legislative responses: plugging regulatory gaps 2506.2. Collective responses: collective bargaining and worker voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2816.3. Adapting social protection systems to improve protection for workers in non-standard employment . 2986.4. Instituting employment and social policies to manage social risks and accommodate transitions . 3076.5. Policy conclusions . 315Appendix: Most relevant ILO instruments concerning non-standard employment 323References. 337Acknowledgements 373
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xiLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1 .1 The different types of non-standard employment .. 8Figure 1 .2 The multiple functions of the employment relationship 12Figure 1 .3 Overlap of non-standard employment with informality and precariousness 16Figure 1 .4 Seven areas of potential work insecurity .. 19Figure 1 .5 The legal forms of non-standard employment . 21Figure 1 .6 Multi-party employment relationships . 33Figure 2 .1 Share of employment in the services sector , by sex and region, 1991Œ2020 .. 48Figure 2 .2 Percentage of employed workers who are wage employees, around 2013 . 52Figure 2 .3 Temporary workers as a percentage of wage employees, selected countries .. 53Figure 2 .4 Workers with ˜xed-term contracts as a percentage of all employees, selected European countries, 1993Œ2014 . 54Figure 2 .5 Trends in involuntary temporary employment as a percentage of temporary employment, 2007 and 2014 . 57Figure 2 .6 Temporary workers as a percentage of wage employees, selected CIS countries, 2000Œ14 59Figure 2 .7 Temporary workers as a percentage of wage employees, selected Latin American countries, 2003Œ14 . 61Figure 2 .8 Temporary employment among formal and informal wage earners, selected Latin American countries, early 2010s. 63Figure 2 .9 Temporary employment as a percentage of wage employment in Canada, 1997Œ2014 64Figure 2 .10 Casual employees in Australia as a percenta ge of all employees, 1992Œ2013 . 65Figure 2 .11 Trends in composition of paid employment in the Republic of Korea, 2001Œ13 . 67Figure 2 .12 Temporary workers as a percentage of wage employees, selected Asian countries.. 69Figure 2 .13 Casual workers as a percentage of wage emplo yees, selected Asian countries, 1983Œ2012 69Figure 2 .14 Incidence and trends of casual employment as a percentage of overall wa ge employment in Pakistan and Indonesia, by industry, 2002Œ12 . 70Figure 2 .15 Incidence and trends of various forms of temporary employment as a percentage of all wage emplo yment, selected African countries, 1999Œ2014 72Figure 2 .16 Temporary employment in selected African countries by rural and urban area, selected years 73
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xiiFigure 2 .17 Adjustment of contractual forms of employment in response to economic shocks, Uganda, 2009Œ12 74Figure 2 .18 Adjustment of working hours in response to economic shocks, Uganda .. 75Figure 2 .19 Workers with less than 35 hours per week as a percentage of all employees .. 77Figure 2 .20 Trends in involuntary part-time work as a percentage of total part-time work, selected European countries, 2005 and 2014 .. 80Figure 2 .21 Trends in involuntary part-time work as a percentage of total part-time work, selected Latin American countries, 2003Œ13 .. 80Figure 2 .22 Incidence of time-related underemployment as a percenta ge of all persons in employment, 2010 . 81Figure 2 .23 Growth of marginal part-time employment Œ percentage of employees working fewer than 15 hours per week in ten European countries, 2000Œ12 82Figure 2 .24 On-call workers as a percentage of all employees, Europe, 2004 .. 85Figure 2 .25 Percentage of workers on a zero-hours contract in the United Kingdom, 2005Œ15 .. 86Figure 2 .26 Evolution of on-call employment in the Republic of Korea, 2001Œ13 86Figure 2 .27 Occupations with highest concentration of temporary agency workers, United States, 2012 88Figure 2 .28 Temporary agency workers as a percentage of all workers, France, 1982Œ2013 89Figure 2 .29 Temporary agency workers as a percentage of employees, selected countries, 2005 and 2010 . 90Figure 2 .30 Percentage of workers employed in temporary agency work, by age, 2012 91Figure 2 .31 Percentage of workers employed in temporary agency work, by occupation, 2012 .. 91Figure 2 .32 Temporary agency workers as a percentage of employees, Japan, 1999Œ2015 92Figure 2 .33 Workers in organized manufacturing, engaged directly and through contractors, India, 1995Œ96 to 2011Œ12 .. 94Figure 2 .34 Percentage of contract workers by industry group, 3-digit NIC, India, 1998Œ99 compared to 2011Œ12 .. 95Figure 2 .35 Percentage of direct hires, subcontracted workers and temporary agency workers, by economic sector, Chile, 2011 . 97Figure 2 .36 Evolution of temporary agenc y work in Argentina, 1996Œ2014 . 98Figure 2 .37 Dependent self-employed as a percentage of dependent workers, Europe, 2010 .. 99Figure 3 .1 Distribution of part-time work (<35 hours per week) among wage employees, 2014 .. 122
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xiiiFigure 3 .2 Distribution of marginal part-time work (<15 hours per week) among wage employees, 2014 .. 123Figure 3 .3 Percentage of part-time workers in the elementary sales and cleaning services sector, by sex, selected European countries, 2009Œ10 124Figure 3 .4 Percentage of teaching professionals on ˜xed-term and part-time contracts, by sex, selected European countries, 2009Œ10 127Figure 3 .5 Employees with FTCs as a percentage of the working population aged 15Œ64, total and by sex, avera ge for selected European countries, 1995Œ2014 128Figure 3 .6 Evolution of temporary employment, by sex, selected Latin American countries . 129Figure 3 .7 Evolution of temporary employment, by sex, selected Asian countries . 130Figure 3 .8 Evolution of temporary employment, by sex, selected African countries 131Figure 3 .9 Trends in casual work, by sex, Zimbabwe, 2004Œ14 132Figure 3 .10 Temporary employment in the services sector, by sex, selected countries, circa 2013 133Figure 3 .11 Share of age groups in NSE relative to their share in total employment in Europe, 2014 .. 135Figure 3 .12 Employees with FTCs as a percentage of working population aged 15˚to˚64, by age group, a verage of selected European countries, 2000Œ15 .. 136Figure 3 .13 Percentage of workers employed in temporary agency work, by age, average of selected European countries, 2012 .. 136Figure 3 .14 Workers aged 15Œ24, main reason for being in temporary employment (as a percentage of total temporary emplo yment), Europe, 2014 .. 137Figure 3 .15 Temporary workers as a percentage of wage employees in selected Asian countries, by age group, 2007Œ10 . 139Figure 3 .16 The proportion of young men and women in wage employment and in stable wage employment . 140Figure 3 .17 Incidence of part-time work among young and prime-age workers, 2014 . 141Figure 3 .18 Incidence of involuntary part-time work among young men and women, 2014 .. 142Figure 4 .1 Firms™ strategies with respect to part-time employment and implications for its quality .. 160Figure 4 .2 Temporary employment as a percentage of total wage employment in private sector ˜rms, developing and transition countries, circa 2010 . 165Figure 4 .3 Firms™ use of temporary workers, developing and transition countries, circa 2010. 166Figure 4 .4 Firms™ use of temporary workers, 22 European countries, 2010 167Figure 4 .5 Firms™ use of temporary workers, Spain and Norway, 2010 168
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