Mar 21, 2018 — The global commercial beverage market comprises hot drinks, milk drinks, soft drinks (noncarbonated soft drinks ( Pdf, E-pub, Full Text, Audio).
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The Beverages Abdelazim Sayed Abdelazim Abdellatif* Food Technology Research Institute (FTRI), Agriculture Research Center, Egypt Submission: January 17, 2018; Published: March 21, 2018 *Corresponding author: Abdeiazmi Sayed, Food Technology Research Institute (FTRI), Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt, Tel: ; Email: Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J 14(5): ARTOAJ.MS.ID.555933 (2018) 00160Research Article Volume 14 Issue 5 – March 2018 DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.14.555933 Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J Copyright © All rights are reserved by Abdeiazmi Sayed Introduction Humans maintain their water balance by consuming an equal amount of water to that which is excreted. The body keeps water in a balanced state by controlling intake and excretion. However, the body can suffer from either a negative or a positive water balance. Negative water balance, dehydration, is compared with the normal state, which may be caused by failure to replace obligatory water losses or failure of the regulatory mechanism. Dehydration leads to hypernatremia, which can be caused by one or more of the following: water loss in excess of sodium chloride, inadequate water intake, addition of sodium chloride (salt poisoning), osmotic diuresis (with glucosuria), and diuretic therapy when free water intake is inadequate [2,3]. When the body loses salt to a greater extent than that of water, hyponatremic dehydration occurs [2]. Thirst drives humans survive [4]. A minimum of 1.44 L of water is needed per day to cover the water lost and to maintain the water balance [5]. Beverages could contribute to the human requirements of water. Troiano et al. [1] reported that 20-24% of energy intake came part of the culture of human society. Types of beverages consumed affect the composition of modern diet [6]. Despite the fact that all beverages contain water, water itself is not classed as a beverage. water. Furthermore, it has been reported that these beverages are in the top ten contributing foods for several nutrients. Milk contributes to energy, protein, fat, calcium and vitamin A intake, while fruit juices contributes to energy, calcium, iron, vitamin C, Abstract The global commercial beverage market comprises hot drinks, milk drinks, soft drinks (noncarbonated soft drinks (NCSD) and Carbonated soft drinks are contents of water up to 98% v/v, carbon dioxide 0.30 Œ 60% m/v, Sweetener (sugars 7Œ12 % m/v), colors (natural or synthetic) 0Œ70ppm. Cola soft drinks use cola nut from Cola nitida and Cola acuminata problems when used in beverages, as there is ample water in a beverage formulation to dissolve and disperse the relatively small amounts of GMP and acidulates ( Phosphoric acid, Citric acid 0.030 Œ0.05% m/v ,Ascorbic acid, Preservatives Statutory limits apply (e.g. sorbic acid up to 250ppm in EU). In addition to phosphoric and citric as the major acidulants, some other organic acids such as tartaric, malic and ascorbic acids have special uses in the carbonated soft drinks industry. Nutritional value of soft drinks that these beverages are in the top ten contributing foods for several nutrients, included carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals as well as energy. There are three main areas of particular nutritional drinks are formulated to deliver a rapidly assimilated energy boost to the consumer. Soft drinks generally contain soluble sugars, which are cola beverages, indicating that the rise in calcium excretion was due to the caffeine .The high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) intake enhancement was related temporally to the obesity epidemic. Keywords : Beverages; Soft drink; Noncarbonated; Carbonated; Carbon dioxide; Sweeteners; Flavors
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00161How to cite this article: Abdelazim Sayed and Abdelazim Abdellatif. The Beverages . Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J. 2018; 14(5): 555933. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.14.555933 Types of beverages According to Roethenbaugh [8], there are four primary sectors of the global commercial beverage market (Figure 1): hot drinks, milk drinks, soft drinks and alcoholic drinks. Hot drinks, include water; carbonated soft drinks; dilutables, (squash, powders, cordials and syrups); fruit juices (100% fruit juice and nectars (25Œ99% juice content); still drinks, including ready-to-drink (RTD) teas, sports drinks and other noncarbonated products with less than 25% fruit juice). Alcoholic drinks, including beer, wine, different types of beverages, milk, soft drinks, and fruit juices are the most important and they are consumed in high amounts alcoholic drinks. An alcoholic beverage is a drink that contains ethanol. A non-alcoholic beverage is a drink that contains little or no alcohol. This category includes low-alcohol beer, non- alcoholic wine, and apple cider if they contain less than 0.5% alcohol by volume and they are called soft drinks [8]. Figure 1: Beverage sectors and segments. Source: Soft drinks world, (2003).Soft drinks it is generally accepted that they are sweetened water-based beverages; usually with a balancing acidity. The term fisoft drinkfl term fidrinkfl is neutral but often denotes alcoholic content. Small amounts of alcohol may be present in a soft drink, but the alcohol content must be less than 0.5% of the total volume if the drink is to be considered non-alcoholic [11]. Soft drinks are refreshing beverages and they are typically formulated from 10 Œ 11% sugar content with about 0.3 Œ 0.5% of acid (usually citric) and of carbon dioxide [12]. A soft drink may also contain caffeine, cherry, lemon-lime, root beer, orange, grape, vanilla, ginger, fruit punch, and sparkling lemonade. Various other additions can be made, including vitamins and minerals, clouding agents and foaming agents and plant extracts. Types of soft drinks Based on their ingredients, soft drinks are divided into carbonated and non-carbonated soft drinks. None carbonated soft drinks (NCSD): Non carbonated soft drinks are soft drinks without carbon dioxide and sparkling taste and they include fruit punch, fruit drinks, ice tea, coffee with sugar, and sport drinks. Non-carbonated soft drinks do not undergo carbonation process the regular soft drinks is either sucrose or high fructose corn syrup. Regular soft drinks have approximately the same amount of sugar as a glass of pineapple or orange juice, 7-14g/100 mL. Diet soft drinks use aspartame, saccharine, acesulfam K, or sucralose as sweeteners A soft drink is slightly acidic in order to give pleasant tartness to the product and preserve it. The most common acidulants in soft drinks are citric acid and phosphoric acid [13].Carbonated soft drinks (CSD) Carbonated Soft Drinks are beverages with added carbon dioxide that gives an effervescent taste to the beverages. Carbonated soft drinks are further divided into colas and non- carbonated beverages usually contain added phosphoric acid as acidulant because it can strengthen the acidity. Phosphoric acid and sometimes balsamic [1,14]. Cola soft drinks use cola nut from Cola nitida and Cola acuminata agent. Non-cola soft drinks usually use citric acid as acidulant [15]. Other categories of soft drinks are ready-to-drink soft drinks and dilute-to-taste soft drinks which are concentrated or in powder form [16]. Nutritional value of soft drinks Water is an essential need for body. The need for water exists at the molecular, cellular, metabolic and functional levels. Water is a major solvent for the organic and inorganic chemicals involved in the biochemical reactions that are essential to life. Water is the principle medium that transports nutrients waste products from the cells for ultimate elimination [17,18]. Water also is a good regulator for body heat [19]. About 60%, by weight, of a person body is water [20]. A normal person experiences symptoms of dehydration when 5 Œ 10% of the body weight is lost as water and not soon replaced. Thirst drives and survive [4]. Water may be obtained through several common beverages: plain water, bottled water, fruit and vegetable juices, fruit drinks, soft drinks, syrup, stimulant beverages, and milk [21]. Several kinds of beverages are consumed not for food value but rather for thirst Œ quenching properties or for stimulating. Soft drinks are an essential vehicle for hydration. Soft drinks
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How to cite this article: Abdelazim Sayed and Abdelazim Abdellatif . The Beverages . Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J. 2018; 14(5): 555933. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.14.555933 00162are usually absorbed more readily than water (because of their osmolality), can replace lost salts and energy quickly and are rapidly thirst quenching. Their balance of sweetness and acidity, of consumers [22]. Soft drinks and fruit juices are important beverages for adolescents because they are consumed at high amounts [9,10]. Furthermore, Shachman [23] reported that these beverages are in the top ten contributing foods for several nutrients, including carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals as well as energy. There are three main areas of particular nutritional et al. [1] reported that 20 – 24% of energy intake came from beverages. Some soft drinks are formulated to deliver a rapidly assimilated energy boost to the consumer. Soft drinks generally contain soluble sugars, which are easy to administer. The second promote extremely rapid uptake of body salts and water, and are very important products for sportspeople and others requiring almost instant hydration. Third, soft drinks have been widely formulated to low-calorie forms and these are now available for those who wish to enjoy such beverages and yet minimize their some producers include the delivery of essential vitamins and minerals, especially to children. Adverse effects of soft drinks On the negative side, soft drinks have been claimed to have some adverse effects on human health. Wyshak [24] showed that all kinds of soft drink intake enhanced the bone fracture risk. Meanwhile, more recently, McGartland et al. [25] reported that the consumption of carbonated soft drinks did not affect bone health. The mechanism of this phenomenon is not known yet. Furthermore, cola beverage effects were more pronounced in more active girls and children. The phosphorus content in cola type carbonated beverages could have reduced levels of the active form of vitamin D and led to a decline in calcium risk factor for bone fractures [27,28]. All cola beverages contain 40 to 70 mg phosphorus per 12 oz serving [29]. Studies indicated that caffeine could contribute to bone health. Heaney & Rafferty [30] detected higher calcium in urine after the subjects drank caffeinated cola beverages, indicating that the rise in calcium excretion was due to the caffeine. The authors proved that the mechanism of how phosphorus in soft drinks may impact on calcium metabolism is not through urinary calcium losses and they stated that drinking fruit juice can also lead to bone fracture. High potassium citrate in fruit juices was found to lower bone desorption Tylavsky et al. [31] and Marangella et al. [32]. The effect of sugars content of soft drinks was studied. Nguyen et al. [33] detected a negative impact of sugar on bone. Soft drinks contain a lot of sugar, especially fructose, but the diet soft drinks use primarily aspartame. Glucose intakes provoked a decrease in phosphatemia (high concentration of inorganic phosphates in blood) since phosphate followed glucose uptake into cells as required for glucose phosphorylation. The reduction of serum phosphate could stimulate mineral bone release, causing a rise in calcemia (excess calcium in blood). The effect of glucose to bone could be similar with the effect of fructose. It was found that a high fructose diet (20% of total calories) causes an increase in urinary loss of phosphorus and negative phosphorus balance. The prevalence of dental erosion and decay in human teeth has increased dramatically in the few decades as a result of an increasing consumption of soft drinks and commercial fruit juices. Soft drinks have acquired a reputation for being an agent in the development of dental caries. Johansson [34] claimed that dental erosion rises when sugar residues remain in the mouth or when especially young children have an acidic drink almost constantly in their mouths. It is perhaps now accepted that the dental caries problem is related more to the misuse, or even abuse, of soft drinks than to the effects of normal consumption of such products. Not only beverages, but also the consumption of acidic foodstuffs plays a major role in the development of resulting from non-bacterial chemical attack usually involving acidic substances. The amount of mineral dissolved during the erosion depends on several factors including pH, the buffering effect, and the length of the exposure time. The buffering effect is the concentration of acids in the beverages or the ability of an acidic solution to keep its pH unaffected in dissolving enamel apatite and diluting with saliva. The stronger the buffering effect, the more mineral will be dissolved before the equilibrium pH can be reached and stop the dissolution. However, the presence of a may have protective effect against the dissolution [35-37]. Heller et al. [38] revealed that cola consumption more than three times a week increased the risk of the erosion to three times. Meanwhile, Forshee & Storey [39] found that regular soft drink consumption was not associated with dental cavities among people under the sugar and acid. Acid in soft drinks may contribute to the erosion of teeth. Two characteristics in soft drinks that determine their erosive potential; the initial pH and the buffering capacity. The orange juice with its high buffering effect than the lemonade-like soft drinks (Schweppes TM, Coca-cola TM, and Pepsi TM) performed a considerable buffering effect, but the pH of the soft drinks was lower than the orange juice pH [40]. More recently, Low & Alhuthali [41] suggest that the increasing weight loss in tooth enamel during dental erosion in soft drinks can be attributed to the continuous leaching of calcium ions, in addition to phosphorus. Daniela et al. [42] assessed the erosive potential of a light cola drink when compared to a regular one in situ/ ex vivo . and suggested that the light cola drink is less erosive than the regular one. Trails were made by the soft drink manufacturers to improve their drinks properties from a dental perspective. A
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00163How to cite this article: Abdelazim Sayed and Abdelazim Abdellatif. The Beverages . Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J. 2018; 14(5): 555933. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.14.555933 reduction in the erosive potential of some acidic soft drinks has been achieved through the careful manipulation of pH, titratable acidity and the addition of calcium [43]. Studies showed that it is possible to modify the formulation of carbonated soft drinks to minimize dental erosion [44,45]. In the same trend, Hooper et al. [46] suggested that the technology of adding calcium with appropriate pH adjustment in the processing of soft and carbonated drinks markedly reduce erosive potential, This technology could be applied to sports drinks to the same purpose [47]. Melissa et al. [48] evaluated that the effect of iron on the acid demineralization of enamel blocks by soft drinks in the harmful effects. The contribution of soft drink intake to the contributory factors to obesity or weight gain [49]. Energy given by a sugar content of beverage was more preserved by the body than a mix nutrient beverage of the equal volume and energy content because these kinds of beverages had smaller thermic effect [50]. There was also a positive relationship between sugar-sweetened drink intakes and both greater weight gain and risk of type 2 diabetes [51]. Soft drinks contained high fructose corn syrup and glucose that could enhance the energy over consumption .The high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) intake enhancement was related temporally to the obesity epidemic, and too much HFCS in soft drinks might have a role in the obesity epidemic [52].Ingredients and formulation of soft drinks The simplest form of soft drink contains a mix of the basic coloring and chemical preservatives, in addition to carbon Sadecka & Polonsky [39] reported a review on the determination of various compounds in beverage samples, including soft drinks, using electrophoretic methods. Taylor [53] summarized the components of soft drinks as shown in Table 1. Table 1: Soft drink components*.Component Typical Use Level Water Up to 98%v/v Sugars 7Œ12%m/vFruit juice up to 10%, (widely variable usage) High-intensity sweeteners Use based upon sucrose equivalence (e.g. aspartame might be employed at 0.40Œ6%m/v as sole sweetener). Carbon dioxide 0.30 Œ60%m/vAcids (e.g. citric) 0.030Œ0.05%m/vFlavors 0.1%m/vColors (natural or synthetic) 0-70ppmPreservatives Statutory limits apply (e.g. sorbic acid up to 250ppm in EU) Antioxidants (e.g. BHA, ascorbic acid) Less than 100ppm, subject to user-country legislation Quillaia extract (saponins) Up to 200mg/l (EU), up to 95mg/l (USA) Hydrocolloids (mucilaginous gums) 0.1Œ0.2% per GMP, minimum amount required to create desired effect Vitamins/Minerals allowed daily intake applies Water Water is the main component of a soft drink, usually accounts between 85 and 95% of the product and acts as a carrier for the other ingredients. Water quality must conform to rigid requirements and not interfere with the taste, appearance, carbonation or other properties of the drink. It may be necessary to carry out treatment to improve the quality of the water used in the manufacture of soft drinks. Water should be free from: high levels of elements and mineral salts; objectionable tastes and odors; organic material. It is very important that water should also be clear; colorless and free from dissolved oxygen and microorganism [53]. Sweeteners reasons, including; reducing cost, developing new formulations and increasing consumer awareness of health leading to an increased number of low- and reduced-sugar formulations [54]. sweeteners still represent the largest share of the global sweetener market and account for 81% of sweetener usage [55]. A number of carbohydrate sweeteners are used in soft drinks to provide different attributes, including sweetness, mouthfeel, stability and, in some cases, color. Sucrose is regarded as the standard for a sweet taste. In soft drinks, glucose syrups are used to provide sweetness and mouthfeel to products and occasionally sucrose solutions (glucose has a relative sweetness of 0.6), unless they have a high fructose content. Fructose can also be
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How to cite this article: Abdelazim Sayed and Abdelazim Abdellatif . The Beverages . Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J. 2018; 14(5): 555933. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.14.555933 00164used as a sugar substitute in soft drinks [53]. High-fructose corn syrups dominate the carbohydrate-sweetened soft drinks sector in some markets Œ notably in the United States [54]. Fructose is unique among known natural sugars in being sweeter than sucrose. Fructose has some interesting physiological properties. It is a monosaccharide sugar with energy content of 4 kcals/g and due to its increased sweetness it can be used at lower levels than sucrose. Fructose is slowly absorbed and metabolized by the body, independent of insulin production, and does not cause rapid raises in blood glucose after ingestion. It is, therefore, suitable for diabetics and also for use in soft drinks intended to act as a slower, more sustained energy source. Owing to its limited effect on blood glucose, it is a low glycaemic index sweetener (compared with glucose). This is an area of increased nutritional interest and may be a stimulus to the greater use of fructose in soft drinks. Fructose has also been shown to have an increased satiety effect, compared with other sweeteners [56]. Mineral absorption (iron and calcium) has also been shown to be positively affected by the incorporation of fructose into the diet [57]. In addition to carbohydrate sweeteners, the use of intense sweeteners in soft drinks has increased dramatically over the last 25 years. The use of intense sweeteners in soft drinks was given a further boost due to the requirement for a minimum carbohydrate in low-calorie products. Today, the main intense sweeteners in use in soft drinks are acesulfame K, aspartame, saccharin and cyclamate [58]. However, it has been reported that substitution of sucrose by intense sweeteners often changes to incorporate blends of intense sweeteners and low levels of carbohydrate sweeteners (around 0.5-3.0 Brix) to deliver cost savings without compromising taste quality. Over time, and as the use of intense sweeteners expanded, optimization of the sweetener blends continued to deliver excellent tasting products. Currently, about 50% of all beverages contain intense sweeteners, even though the diet market is only 25% of the total [55].Acidulants A soft drink is slightly acidic in order to give pleasant tartness to the product and preserve it. The most common acidulants in soft drinks are citric acid and phosphoric acid [13]. The use of acidulants is an essential part of beverage formulation, with the acid component usually third in order of concentration. Acidulants performs a variety of functions in addition to their primary thirst-quenching properties, which are the result of addition increased sourness and decreased sweetness, whereas sugar increased sweetness and depressed sourness. Melissa et citric and malic acids) on people™s perception of the identity and it reduces pH, an acidulant can act as a mild preservative and components present. In addition, by functioning as a synergist to antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, acidulants can indirectly prevent discoloration. Organic acids such as citrate and malate, and inorganic anions such as phosphates are important due to method was developed for the determination of citric, malic, oxalic and tartaric acids in soft drinks [54]. Phosphoric acid is the only inorganic acid to be widely used in food preparations as an acidulant. In the soft drinks industry beverages, where its special type of astringent acidity complements the dry, sometimes balsamic, character of cola in contrast with the sharp fruitiness of citric acid. It therefore appears to blend better with most non-fruit drinks [53]. beverages. It has a light fruity character that blends well with of adding citric and phosphoric acids in variable amounts to a They found that the high concentrations of the acids decreased the release of esters, probably because of the presence of large amounts of the dissociated form of the acids. Ascorbic acid is used not only as an acidulant but also as a stabiliser within the soft drinks system, and its antioxidant susceptible to oxidation, particularly aldehydes, ketones and keto-esters. Ascorbic acid shields these from attack by being unaffected. Meanwhile, a disadvantage of ascorbic acid is its effect on some colours in the presence of light. In the case of azo-colours, such as carmoisine, a light-catalysed reaction occurs, resulting in the disappearance of colour and bleaching of the characteristic hue associated with some soft drinks [58]. In addition to phosphoric and citric as major acidulants, some other organic acids such as tartaric, malic and ascorbic acids have special uses in the carbonated soft drinks industry. be used at a slightly lower level to give equivalent acidity [59]. Similarly, malic acid is slightly stronger than citric in perceived preferred acidulant in low-calorie drinks and in cider and apple drinks. Malic acid may also be used to mask the off-taste of some sugar substitutes. Blends of malic and citric acids are said to exhibit better taste characteristics than either acidulant individually [55].
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00165How to cite this article: Abdelazim Sayed and Abdelazim Abdellatif. The Beverages . Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J. 2018; 14(5): 555933. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.14.555933 Carbon dioxide and carbonation process Beverages containing carbon dioxide are, nowadays, very popular products. The addition of CO 2 renders the product acid) from carbon dioxide enhances the sharpness of taste [62]. Consumers enjoy their fipleasurable and sought afterfl sensation, despite the fact that they can be irritating, or even painful for some people. The sensation elicited by carbonated drinks are either of mechanical origin, due to the bursting CO 2 bubbles stimulating mechanoreceptors on tongue, or of chemogenic origin by formation of carbonic acid in a reaction catalysed by carbonic anhydrase, which stimulates polymodal nociceptors in the oral cavity [63]. It has been reported that bubbles appear when concentration levels of CO 2 are 3-5 times higher than the saturation equilibrium value and depend on the pre Œ existing gas Œ liquid interfaces [64,65]. Numbers and sizes of these bubbles also have a sensory impact on the beverage, enhancing mass transport of CO 2 when the bubbles impinge upon the tongue of the composition of soft drinks may dramatically affect the visual or taste perception of effervescence of the drink [66,67]. Also, the addition of CO 2 provides a very effective antimicrobial effect, especially against yeasts and moulds. Carbon dioxide is effective against yeasts because it tends to suppress the production of more CO 2 as a byproduct of the fermentation of sucrose to ethanol. It deprives moulds of the oxygen that most of them require for growth. Good hygiene standards are the norm in most soft drinks bottling operations today, and it is possible to produce carbonated drinks without chemical preservatives by water. The risk of microbiological spoilage is then low, but where multiserving containers are used the risk is increased because of the potential for subsequent contamination [54]. Carbon dioxide levels in carbonated soft drinks vary widely and are usually expressed as ‚volumes of CO 2 gas™ (i.e. the volume of carbon dioxide contained in solution in one volume of product). Lightly carbonated products will contain around 2.0Œ3.0 volumes of the gas; moderate carbonation usually refers to about 3.5Œ4.0 volumes and high carbonation levels are around 4.5Œ5.0 volumes. Large bottles that are likely to become partly full will be relatively highly carbonated, and mixer drinks contain among the highest carbonation levels because the resultant mixture (e.g. gin and tonic) needs to have a satisfactory residual level of dissolved carbon dioxide [12]. Carbonation is the process of adding carbon dioxide gas to the beverage to produce carbonated soft drinks. Carbonation can be achieved by injecting the gas into a pressure Œ sealed vessel [66,67]. As the carbonation system is pressure Œ sealed, gaseous injection increases the internal pressure, and thereby the CO 2 solubility. Up to 9 g/l of CO 2 can be dissolved, which is the limit for highly carbonated drinks such as tonic water. On the other hand, depressing the system lowers the CO 2 concentration in the headspace, causing gas desorption [66,67]. In carbonated drinks industry, gas can be injected continuously The beverage is collected in pressurized tanks or directly in bottles. Descoins et al. [68] suggested a unit to monitoring the carbonation process of beverages in a laboratory scale with on Œ line measurement of dissolved CO 2 Flavors A soft drink is slightly acidic in order to give pleasant tartness to the product and preserve it. The most common acidulants in soft drinks are citric acid and phosphoric acid [13]. Cola- costs. Phosphoric acid has the same characteristics as the cola drinks use cola nut from Cola nitida and Cola acuminata trees use citric acid. Flavors used in soft drinks can be divided into two main types based on solubility in water. Water-soluble there is ample water in a beverage formulation to dissolve and cannot be used directly in the formulation. These components would separate out in the beverage and form a neck-ring in the beverage or, sometimes, in clear beverages, be seen as tiny suspended particles, giving the drink an unsightly appearance. cannot be used in a clear beverage. Should a person want to instant beverage products. Again, the water-solubility factor typical carbonated soft drink (CSD) formulation may amount to anything from 10 to 50% of the total raw materials cost, including the sugar sweetener. Thus, the cost contribution level can design. Therefore, it will depend on the sophistication involved in the product design, which, in turn, may depend on the target in beverage formulations, both in current existing products as well as in new product development. Flavorants are sometimes of the fruit species in the blend that are not in major proportions
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00167How to cite this article: Abdelazim Sayed and Abdelazim Abdellatif. The Beverages . Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J. 2018; 14(5): 555933. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.14.555933 28. Petridou E, Karpathios T, Dessypris N, Simou E, Trichopoulos D (1997) The role of dairy products and non alcoholic beverages in bone fractures among achoolage children. Scandivanian Journal of Social Medicine 25(2): 119-125.29. Massey LK, Strang MM (1982) Soft drink consumption, phosphorus intake, and osteoporosis. J of American Dietetic Association 80(6): 581-583.30. Heaney RP, Rafferty K (2001) Carbonated beverages and urinary calcium excretion. American Journal Clinical Nutrition 74(3): 343-347.31. Tylavsky FA, Holliday K, Danish R, Womack C, Norwood J, et al. (2004) Fruit and vegetable intakes are an independent predictor of bone size in early pubertal children. Am J Clin Nutr 79(2): 311-317. 32. Marangella M, Di Stefano M, Casalis S, Berutti S, D™Amelio P, et al. 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