Chapter 2: Migration and migrants: A global overview. Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Céline Bauloz, Michelle Nguyen and Sophie Qu.
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The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily re˜ect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration bene˚ts migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This ˜agship World Migration Report has been produced in line with IOM™s Environment Policy and is available online only. Printed hard copies have not been made in order to reduce paper, printing and transportation impacts. The report is available for free download at www.iom.int/wmr . Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons P.O. Box 17 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 717 9111 Fax: +41 22 798 6150 Email: hq@iom.int Website: www.iom.int ISSN 1561-5502 e-ISBN 978-92-9068-789-4 Cover photos Top: Children from Taro island carry lighter items from IOM™s delivery of food aid funded by USAID, with transport support from the United Nations. © IOM 2013/Joe LOWRY Middle: Rice ˚elds in Southern Bangladesh. © IOM 2016/Amanda NERO Bottom: Ferrick Ibet village, Chad. © IOM 2018/Amanda NERO © 2019 International Organization for Migration (IOM) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. PUB2019/006/L WMR 2020
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iiThis volume is the result of a highly collaborative venture involving a multitude of partners and contributors under the direction of the editors. The World Migration Report 2020 project commenced in May 2018 and culminated in the launch of the report in November 2019 by the Director General at the 110th session of IOM Council. The ˚ndings, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily re˜ect the views of IOM or its Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. All reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the data referred to in this report, including through data veri˚cation. We regret, however, any data errors that may remain. Unless otherwise stated, this report does not refer to data or events after June 2019. The stories behind the photographs can be found on page v.
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iiiEditorial, review and production teamEditors Marie McAuliffe (IOM) and Binod Khadria (Jawaharlal Nehru University) IOM reviewers Eva Åkerman Börje, Laura Bartolini, Mariana Beheran, Elizabeth Collett, Jill Helke, Manuel Hoff, Dina Ionesco, Michele Klein Solomon, Jobst Kœhler, Laura Lungarotti, Chiara Milano, Daria Mokhnacheva, Mirela Shuteriqi, Jasper Tjaden, Mariam Traore Chazalnoel and Jacqueline Weekers Academic reviewers Maruja Asis, Jørgen Carling, Stephen Castles, Howard Duncan, Gibril Faal, Elizabeth Ferris, Francois Gemenne, Ian Goldin, Sakiko Kanbara, Susan Martin, Marco Pedrotti, Martin Ruhs, Nando Sigona, Ronald Skeldon, Felicity Thomas, Anna Triandafyllidou and Cathy Zimmerman Production manager Valerie Hagger Project administration Frances Solinap and Aurelie Ben Gavriel Copyeditor Michael Gibson Report layout Ramir Recinto IOM research team Marie McAuliffe, Céline Bauloz, Adrian Kitimbo, Michelle Nguyen (part project), Adam Sawyer (part project), Sophie Qu (part project) Translation Spanish Translation Unit (IOM) French Translation Unit (IOM) AcknowledgementsThe editors are particularly grateful to the authors of the thematic chapters and to all of the IOM and academic reviewers who provided constructive feedback on the draft chapters. We are especially grateful to IOM™s Director General, António Vitorino, and members of IOM™s senior leadership team, who supported this World Migration Report, including Laura Thompson, Eugenio Ambrosi, Jill Helke, Michele Klein Solomon and Clarissa Azkoul. We also wish to acknowledge the governments of Switzerland and Germany for their ˜nancial contributions toward the completion of the report. Additional funding to support translations has been received from the Swiss Government, the Canadian Government, USA for IOM, IOM Regional Of˜ce for South America and IOM Regional Of˜ce for Central and North America and the Caribbean. We wish to thank the following people for their contributions to the report: Idil Atak ( International Journal of Migration and Border Studies ), Vincent Chetail ( Refugee Survey Quarterly ), Howard Duncan ( International Migration ), Alan Gamlen ( Migration Studies ), Donald Kerwin ( Journal on Migration and Human Security ), Emmanuel Ma Mung and Véronique Petit ( Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales ), Anna Triandafyllidou ( Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies ), Jamie Winders, Pieter Bevelander, Cynthia Feliciano, Filiz Garip and Matthew Hall ( International Migration Review ), Ross Chainey ( World Economic Forum ), Hannah Caddick and Amy Leach (Overseas Development Institute), Robert McMahon ( Council on Foreign Relations ), Jason Naselli and Alan Philips (Chatham House), Homi Kharas, Dany Bahar and Merrell Tuck-Primdahl (Brookings Institution).
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ivContributors Chapter 1: Report overview: Providing perspective on migration and mobility in increasingly uncertain times Authors: Marie McAuliffe and Binod Khadria Research assistants: Adrian Kitimbo and Berti Olinto Chapter 2: Migration and migrants: A global overview Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Céline Bauloz, Michelle Nguyen and Sophie Qu Research assistants and other contributors: Juliane Klatt, Adam Sawyer, Adrian Kitimbo, Reshma Mathews, Kate Dearden, Tristan O™Shea, Noelle Darbellay, Sarah Knight, Muhammad Rizki and Claire Galez-Davis Chapter 3: Migration and migrants: Regional dimensions and developments Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Adrian Kitimbo, Guy Abel, Adam Sawyer and Juliane Klatt Research assistants and other contributors: Berti Olinto, Reshma Mathews, Alexander Doggen, Damien Jusselme, Alice Kimani, Lisa Lim Ah Ken, Rudolf Maxwald, Kristina Mejo, Lucie Bertille Motuin, Sophie Nonnenmacher, So˚ane Ouaret, Amr Taha, Ezequiel Texido, Mariko Tomiyama, Laura Nistri, Alina Klehr and Eva Pons Chapter 4: Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Céline Bauloz and Michelle Nguyen Research assistants and other contributors: Marie Mundler, Idil Atak ( International Journal of Migration and Border Studies ), Vincent Chetail ( Refugee Survey Quarterly ), Howard Duncan ( International Migration ), Alan Gamlen ( Migration Studies ), Donald Kerwin ( Journal on Migration and Human Security ), Emmanuel Ma Mung and Véronique Petit ( Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales ), Anna Triandafyllidou ( Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies ), Jamie Winders, Pieter Bevelander, Cynthia Feliciano, Filiz Garip and Matthew Hall (International Migration Review ), Ross Chainey (World Economic Forum), Hannah Caddick and Amy Leach (Overseas Development Institute), Robert McMahon (Council on Foreign Relations), Jason Naselli and Alan Philips (Chatham House), Homi Kharas, Dany Bahar and Merrell Tuck-Primdahl (Brookings Institution) Chapter 5: Re˜ections on migrants™ contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation Authors: Marie McAuliffe, Adrian Kitimbo and Binod Khadria Research Assistant: Michelle Nguyen Chapter 6: Migration, inclusion and social cohesion: Challenges, recent developments and opportunities Authors: Céline Bauloz, Zana Vathi and Diego Acosta Research Assistant: Michelle Nguyen Chapter 7: Migration and Health: Key issues, governance and current knowledge gaps Authors: Jo Vearey, Charles Hui and Kolitha Wickramage Chapter 8: Children and unsafe migration Authors: Jacqueline Bhabha and Guy Abel Chapter 9: Human mobility and adaptation to environmental change Authors: Robert Oakes, Soumyadeep Banerjee and Koko Warner Chapter 10: Migrants caught in crises: Contexts, responses and innovation Authors: Nassim Majidi, Heaven Crawley, Lorenzo Guadagno and Camille Kasavan Research Assistants: Mélissa Cornet and Thomas Yeboah
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viChapter 9Bercy is the principal of an elementary school on Udot Island, Federated States of Micronesia. During the typhoon, one of their buildings was severely damaged. The new building is used as a library for students. © IOM/Muse MOHAMMED Chapter 10Mass Evacuations in Natural Disasters (MEND) – Quezon City, the Philippines. © IOM/Charissa SORIANO Chapter 11The second workshop of the International Dialogue on Migration 2017 offered a global platform to discuss and analyse migrants™ vulnerabilities and capacities, guide appropriate policy, programmatic and operational responses to address them, and enhance resilience through protection and assistance services. © IOM/Muse MOHAMMED References Chris™s mother is so happy to ˚nd her son after he was separated from his mother and little brother during their migration. © IOMAppendicesAmeerah and Anajia spend time practising their drawing skills after class (the Philippines). © IOM/Julie BATULA
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viiTable of contents Editorial, review and production team iiiAcknowledgements iiiContributors ..ivPhotographs .vList of ˚gures and tables viiiList of appendices .xiii Foreword ..xvChapter 1 Œ Report overview: Providing perspective on migration and mobility in increasingly uncertain times 1Part I: Data and information on migration and migrants 16Chapter 2 Œ Migration and migrants: A global overview .19Chapter 3 Œ Migration and migrants: Regional dimensions and developments .53Chapter 4 Œ Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions .125PART II: Complex and Emerging Migration Issues .158Chapter 5 Œ Re˜ections on migrants™ contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation .161Chapter 6 Œ Migration, inclusion and social cohesion: Challenges, recent developments and opportunities ..185Chapter 7 Œ Migration and health: Current issues, governance and knowledge gaps 209Chapter 8 Œ Children and unsafe migration .231Chapter 9 Œ Human mobility and adaptation to environmental change ..253Chapter 10 Œ Migrants caught in crises: Contexts, responses and innovation 271Chapter 11 Œ Recent developments in the global governance of migration: An update to the World Migration Report 2018 ..291Appendices ..313References ..367
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viiiList of figures and tablesChapter 1Table 1. Key facts and ˚gures from the World Migration Reports, 2000 and 2020 ..10Chapter 2 Table 1. International migrants, 1970Œ2019 ..21Figure 1. International migrants, by major region of residence, 2005 to 2019 (millions) 24Figure 2. Proportional population change by region, 2009Œ2019 ..25Figure 3. Top 20 destinations (left) and origins (right) of international migrants in 2019 (millions) .26Figure 4. Top 20 countries of emigration in 2019 (proportion) ..27Figure 5. In˜ows of foreign nationals into OECD countries, permanent migration, 2000Œ2016 (millions) 31Figure 6. Migrant workers by destination country income level, 2013 and 2017 ..33Table 2. Migrant workers, by sex and income level of destination countries, 2017 .34Figure 7. Geographic distribution of migrant workers by sex, 2017 ..35Table 3. Top countries receiving/sending remittances (2005Œ2018) (current USD billions) .36Figure 8. Number of refugees by top 5 countries of origin as of 2018 (millions) ..40Figure 9. Number of refugees by top 5 host countries as of 2018 (millions) ..41Figure 10. Number of refugees resettled by major resettlement countries in 2005Œ2018 (thousands) ..42Figure 11. Top 20 countries with the largest stock of internally displaced persons by con˜ict and violence at the end of 2018 ..44Figure 12. New internal displacements by con˜ict and disasters, 2008Œ2018 (millions) 46Figure 13. Major populations of stateless persons by top 10 reporting countries as of 2018 48
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ixChapter 3 Œ Figure 1. Migrants to, within and from Africa 1990Œ2019 55Figure 2. Top 20 countries with the largest proportional population change in Africa, 2009Œ2019 .56Figure 3. Top 20 African migrant countries in 2019 ..57Figure 4. Top 20 migration corridors involving African countries, 2019 ..58Figure 5. Top 10 African countries by total refugees and asylum seekers, 2018 59Figure 6. Top 20 African countries by new internal displacements (disaster and con˜ict), 2018 ..60Figure 7. Migrants to, within and from Asia, 1990Œ2019 .69Figure 8. Top 20 countries with the largest proportional population change in Asia, 2009Œ2019 70Figure 9. Top 20 Asian migrant countries in 2019 .71Figure 10. Top 20 migration corridors from Asian countries, 2019 ..72Figure 11. Top 10 Asian countries by total refugees and asylum seekers, 2018 ..73Figure 12. Top Asian countries by new internal displacements (disaster and con˜ict), 2018 ..74Figure 13. Migrants to, within and from Europe, 1990Œ2019 86Figure 14. Top 20 countries with the largest proportional population change in Europe, 2009Œ2019 .87Figure 15. Top 20 European migrant countries in 2019 ..88Figure 16. Top 20 migration corridors involving European countries, 2019 ..89Figure 17. Top 10 European countries by total refugees and asylum seekers, 2018 90Figure 18. Top 20 European countries by new internal displacements (disaster and con˜ict), 2018 ..91Figure 19. Migrants to, within and from Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990Œ2019 96Figure 20. Top 20 countries with the largest proportional population change in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2009Œ2019 .97Figure 21. Top 20 Latin America and Caribbean migrant countries in 2019 ..98Figure 22. Top 10 migration corridors involving Latin America and Caribbean countries, 2019 ..99
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